GIFT  OF 
PROFESSOR  W.A.SETCHELL 


Our  Aim — To  Study — Preserve— Record—Wisconsin  Antiquities. 


Vol.  4.         APRIL  to  AUGUST,  1905.         Nos.  3  and  4. 

THE 

WISCONSIN 
ARCHEOLOGIST 


Published  by  Authority  of  Law. 


By  the  Wisconsin  Archeological  Society,  Milwaukee,  Wis, 

THE 

ABORIGINAL  PIPES 

OF  WISCONSIN. 


MADISON,  WIS. 

DEMOCRAT  FEINTING  Co.,  STATE  PRINTER. 
1905. 


Effigy  Pipe,  Author's  Collection. 


THE 

WISCONSIN 

ARCHEOLOGIST 

Issued    by    the    MVisconsin    Arckeological    Society 
Milwaukee,   ^iV is. 

Volume  4,  Numbers  3  and  4. 
April  to  August,  1 905. 

WITH  TWO   HUNDRED  AND  TWENTY-TWO  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Edited^ty  Cnarles  E.  Brown,  Secretary  and   Curator. 


Published  by  Authority  of  Law. 


MADISON,  Wis. 
DEMOCRAT  PRINTING  COMPANY,  STATE  PRINTER 

IQ05. 


Wisconsin  Archeological  Society 

MILWAUKEE,  WIS. 

Incorporated  March  23, 1903,  for  the  purppse  of  advancing  the  study  and 
preservation  of  Wisconsin  antiquities. 

OFFICERS 

PRESIDENT 
George  A.  West 
VICE-PRESIDENTS 

Rolland  L.  Porter         W.  H.  Ellsworth        P.  V.  Lawson 
O.  L.  Hollister  H.  A.  Crosby 

DIRECTORS 
W.  K.  Flint          J.  G.  Allbright 

TREASURER 

L.  R.  Whitney 

SECRETARY  AND  CURATOR 

Charles  E.  Brown 

COMMITTEES 

SURVEY,  RESEARCH  AND  RECORD 
Dr.  A.  Gerend  Prof  A.  B.  Stout  S.  D.  Mitchell 

Julia  A.  Lapham  Dr.  Louis  Falge 

Dr.  Geo.  L.  Collie          G.  W.  Wolff          Prof.  A.  R.  Clifton 

MEMBERSHIP 

O.  J.  Habhegger        W.  H.  Elkey         John  Gerend         P.  A.  Seifert 
E.  G.  Kohlsaat      F.  M.  Benedict     Mrs.  Waldo  Sweet 

COLLECTIONS 
J.  P.  Schumacher    H.  P.  Hamilton    J.  G.  Pickett    Dr.  Lewis  Sherman 

PRESS 
Philip  Wells        Belle  Blend        Ellis  B.  Usher        Dr.  F.  A.  Traver 

SESSIONS 

These  are  held   in  the  Lecture  Room  in  the  Library-Museum 
Building,    in  Milwaukee,   on  the   third  Monday  of    each  month,   at 

8  P.  M. 

During  the  months  of  July  to  October  no  meetings  will  be  held. 
The   Executive  Board  meets   on   the    second    Monday    in    each 
month. 

MEMBERSHIP  FEES 

Life  Members,  $25.00.  Members,  $1.00  per  Annum. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  the  Archeolofirical  Society  or  to  the  "Wisconsin 
Archeolouist"  should  be  addressed  to  C.  E.  Brown.  Secretary  and  Curatoi,  Office, 
1214  Chestnut  St.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4. 


Page 

Indian   tribes 47 

Early  explorers 49 

Indian  wars  49 

Aboriginal   trade    50 

Indian  tobacco   • 52 

Tomahawk    pipes    53 

Other  metallic  pipes   69 

Clay  and  pottery  trade  pipes  75 

Pottery  pipes   78 

Siouan    pipes    83 

Micmac  pipes   92 

Portrait  pipes  97 

Effigy  and  emblematic  pipes    101 

Bridegroom  or  double-stemmed  pipes   Ill 

Platform  or  monitor  pipes  113 

Handled   pipes    125 

Disk   pipes    130 

Hagh-foowled    pipes „ , 140 

Pot-shaped  pipes   141 

Vase-shaped  pipes   142 

Square  ^bowled   {pipes 146 

Ovoid  pipes   149 

Lens-shaped    pipes    150 

Keel-shaped  pipes   151 

Double  conodial  pipes  154 

Pebble    pipes    156 

Tube   pipes    .  158 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 
Effigy  pipe   Frontispiece 

Pi  ate  Facing  page 

I.     Map  of  Wisconsin  Indian  hunting  grounds  47 

II.     Pottery    pipes  , 80 

III.  Siouan  calumet  pipes    88 

IV.  Diminutive  Siouan  pipes   90 

V.  Unperforated  micmac  pipes,  wedge-shaped  base 94 

VI.  Unperforated  micmac  pipes,  rounded  base   94 

VII.     Terraced-base   micmac  pipes 95 

VIII.     Stemmed   micmac  pipes    ..'. 95 

IX.     Stemmed  micmac  pipes 95 

X.     Perforated-base   micmac    pipes    96 

XI.    Interesting  forms  of  micmac  pipes    96 

(41) 


42    WISCONSIN   ARCHEOLOGISTT. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  «>  and  4 


Plate  Facing  Page 

XII.     Conodial   tube  pipes    162 

XIII.  Conodial   tube  pipes    162 

XIV.  Arrow-shaft  finishers    .... 168 

XV.  Peculiar  tube  pipes   168 

XVI.  Cliff  dwellers'  tube  pipes , 170 

XVII.     California  tube  pipes    : 170 

TEXT   FIGURES. 
Figure  Page 

1.  Tomahawk,  pre-Columbian   53 

2.  Tomahawk,  trade  axe 54 

3.  Tomahawk  pipe,  Jourdain  type   59 

4.  Tomahawk  pipe  of  pewter 60 

5,  6.     Tomahawk  pipes  of  iron  61 

7,  8.     Tomahawk  pipes,  Minniwaukroi  type  62,  63 

9.  Tomahawk  pipe,  battle-axe  form 63 

10.  Tomahawk  pipe  of  brass  64 

11.  Tomahawk  pipe  of  iron,  acorn  type 65 

12.  Tomahawk  pipe  of  iron 66 

13.  Tomahawk  pipe  of  iron,  Siouan  type   66 

14.  Tomahawk  pipe  of  catlinite,  Siouan  type  67 

15.  Tomahawk  pipe  of  iron,  cross  type   67 

16.  Tomahawk  pipe  of  brass  and  steel 68 

17.  Tomahawk  pipe  of  catlinite   68 

18.  Tomahawk  pipj  of  iron,  dagger  type 68 

19-21.  Iron   pipes,   brazed    . .  71,  72 

22,  23.  Iron  pipes,  forged 73 

24-28.  Lead    pipes 74,  75 

29.  Trade  pipe  of  clay,  English  make  '  76 

30.  Trade  pipe,  English  make   76 

31.  Trade  pipe  of  clay   76 

32.  Trade  pottery  pipe,  glazed    77 

33.  Trade  pottery  pipe   77 

34.  Trade  form  of  stone  pipe   77 

35.  Trade  form  of  catlinite  pipe  77 

36.  Pottery  pipe,  Iroquois  type 78 

37, 38.  Pottery   pipes 79 

39-41.  Pottery  pipes,  trumpet-shaped  80 

42.  Calumet  pipe  86 

43.  Calumet  pipe,  effigy  form   87 

44.  Calumet  pipe,  mended  with  lead 89 

45,  46.  Calumet  pipes,  prepared  for  leading 89 

47.  Calumet  pipe,  ornamented  with  lead  90 

48.  Lead  and  stone  pipe 90 

49.  Square  bowled  pipe  92 

50,  51.  Micmac  pipes,  unperforated 93,  94 

52.  Micmac  pipe,  terraced  base  '94 

53.  Micmac  pip?,  stemmed  form    95 

54.  Micmac  bird  pipe,  steirmed  form  ] . .  95 

55.  Micmac  pipe,  perforated  base 96 


List  of  Illustrations. — 


Figure 

56.  Micmac  bird  pipe,  perforated  base  9o 

57.  Micmac  bird  pipe    97 

58.  Portrait  pipe   > 

59.  Portrait  calumet  pipe  j9 

60-64.     Portrait  pipes    100,  K 

65.  Portrait  pipe,  with  bone  stem   101 

66.  Effigy  pipe,  human  form  •  •  •  1 

67,  68.     Effigy  pipes,  turtle  form  "* 

69.  Effigy  pipe,  turtle  and  snake  •  •  •  103 

70.  Effigy  pipe,  buffalo  head   103 

71.  Effigy  pipe,  frog  form  •  •  •  •  103 

72.  Effigy  pipe,  portrait  and  animal 104 

73.  Effigy  pipe,  animal  form  104 

74.  Effigy  pipe,  hoof  form 104 

75.  Effigy  pipe,  animal  form 105 

76,  77.     Effigy  pipes,  animal  head   105 

78,  79.     Effigy  pipes,  animal  form   106 

80,  81.     Effigy  pipes,  moccasin  lorm  106 

82,  83.     Effigy  pipe,  bird  form  107 

84.     Effigy  pipe,  human  form  107 

85,  86.     Effigy  pipes,  animal  form  108 

87.  Effigy  pipe,  human  form   108 

88.  Totem  pipe  from  Alaska  109 

89.  Effigy  pipe,  bone  with  Aztec  calendar 109 

90.  Effigy  pipe,  frog  form 109 

91.  Totem  pipe,  Northwest  Coast  type 110 

92.  Double-stemmed  or  bridegroom  pipe 112 

93.  Double-stemmed  pipe '.  112 

94.  Double-stemmed  pipe  of  bone   112 

95.  Double-stemmed  or  bridegroom  pipe 113 

96-98.     Monitor  pipes,  straight  base  114, 115, 116 

99.     Monitor  pipe,  rounded  base  116 

100, 101.     Monitor  pipes,  straight  base   117, 118 

102.     Mississippi  mound  pipe   119 

103, 106.     Monitor  pipes,  short  base   119, 120 

107.  Monitor  pipes,  square  bowled   120 

108.  Monitor  pipe,  short  base  120 

109.  Monitor  pipe,  southern  type 121 

110.  Monitor  pipe,   short  base    121 

111.  Curved-base  pipe    122 

112.  Curved-base  pipe,  effigy  form 123 

113.  Curved-base,  unfinished  pipe   123 

114.  Curved-base,  high-bowled  pipe  , .  124 

115.  Handled  bird  pipe   126 

116, 117.     Handled  pipes,  fish  form    127 

118.  Handled  pipe  of  catlinite   128 

119.  Handled  pipe  of  great  size  128 

120, 121.     Handled  pipes    129 

122.  Handled  ,pipe,  unfinished   129 

123.  Handled  pipe,  portrait  form  129 

124.  Disk  pipe,  great  size,  with  handle .  133 


44    WISCONSIN   ARCHEOLOGI3T. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and 


Figure  Page 

125-127.  Disk  pipes,  with  handle I34, 135 

128.  Disk,  with  handle,  effigy  form  135 

129, 130.  Disk  pipes,  with  handle  1 

131.  Disk  pipe,  with  handle,  effigy  form •• 136 

132.  Disk  pipe,  handleless  form,  etched     137 

133-135.  Disk  pipes,  handleless   i38 

136, 138.  Disk  pipes,  high-bowled  form    i3^ 

139.  Disk  pipe,  rare  form  1 

140-143.  High-bowled  pipes   • 140, 14 

144-147.  Pot-shaped   pipes    14I»  I42 

148, 149.  Vase-shaped  pipes    143 

150,  151.  Vase-shaped  pipes,  first  of  fossil  coral   145 

152, 153.  Vase-shaped  pipes,  with  suggestion  of  stem  1 

154, 155.  Vase-shaped  pipes   I44 

156, 157.  Vase-shaped  pipes,  perforated  base  145 

158.  Vase-shaped  pipe,  ornamented  rim   145 

159.  Vase-shaped  pipe,  .perforated  base  145 

160.  Vase-shaped  pipe,  terraced  base  146 

161.  Square-bowled  pipe  with  emblem  of  lightning 146 

162.  Square-bowled  pipe   I4? 

163.  Square-bowled  pipe  of  fossil  coral  147 

164, 165.  Square-bowled    pipes     147 

166.  Square-bowled  pipe  with  suggestion  of  stem  147 

167.  Square-bowled  pipe  with  stem   148 

168.  Square-bowled  fossil  coral  pipe   148 

169.  Square-bowled  pipe,  ornamented    148 

170".  Square-bowled  pipe,  of  slate 148 

171.  Square-bowled  pipe,  with  concave  top   148 

172.  Ovoid  pipe,  ornamented  149 

173.  Ovoid  pipe   149 

174.  Ovoid  pipe,  highly  ornamented    150 

175.  Ovoid  pipe,  modified 150 

176.  Lens-shaped  pipe,  ornamented    150 

177, 178.  Lens-shaped  pipes   151 

179, 180.  Keel-shaped   pipes,  ornamented    151, 152 

181.  Keel-shaped  pipe,  ornamented  with  emblems 152 

182.  Keel-shaped  pipe,  of  white  quartz   152 

183, 184.  Keel-shaped  pipes,  ornamented   153 

185, 186.  Keel-shaped  pipes 153 

187, 188.  Double-conodial  pipes   155 

189.  Double-conodial  pipe,  ornamented    155 

190.  Double-conodial  pipe 156 

191-193.  Rough  pebble  pipes  157 

194, 195.  Rough  pebble  pipes   158 

196, 198.  Tube  pipes,  conodial   form    160, 161 

199.  Tube  pipe,  conodial  form,  ornamented   161 

200.  Tube  pipe,  conodial  form,  trumpet  shape 161 

201.  Tube  .pipe,  conodial,  ornamented   163 

202.  Tube  pipe,  conodial  form 164 

203.  Tube  pipe,  hourglass  form 166 

204.  Tube,  arrow-shaft  straightener  .  .  167 


THE  WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST 

A    Quarterly     Bulletin     Published     by    the     Wisconsin    Archeological     Society. 

Vol.4.     MILWAUKEE,  WIS.,  APRIL  to  AUG.,  19O5.     Nos.  3  and  4. 


PREFACE. 


The  following-  monograph  of  the  "Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wis- 
consin" was  prepared  by  the  author  at  the  request  of  the  Wis- 
consin Archeological  Society  and  is  now  presented  for  publica- 
tion as  a  further  contribution  to  the  archeology  of  our  state. 
Its  preparation  and  the  collection  of  the  data  and  specimens 
upon  which  it  is  based,  have  occupied  his  leisure  moments  for 
some  years  back.  This  paper  will  treat  of  the  aboriginal  pipes 
of  this  State.  No  apology  is  offered,  or  excuse  made,  for  errors 
in  judgment  or  composition.  The  descriptions  are  abbreviated 
as  much  as  practicable,  no  lengthy  discussions  entered  into,  and 
few  stereotyped  quotations  used.  The  illustrations  are  new, 
which  will  be  appreciated  by  those  who  are  weary  of  encounter- 
ing the  same  old  cuts  in  each  new  archeological  publication. 
The  drawings  are  the  writer's  own.  In  the  descriptions  of 
specimens,  when  no  other  state  is  given,  the  location  is  always 
Wisconsin. 

Pipes  are  among .  the  rarest  of  all  aboriginal  artifacts,  and 
the  number  and  variety  of  Wisconsin  finds  described  in  this 
paper,  will  be  a  surprise  to  many,  and  can  be  taken  as  an  in- 
dication of  the  great  archeological  wealth  of  the  state. 

To  print  a  list  of  those  to  whom  the  author  is  under  obliga- 
tions, for  the  loan  of  specimens,  and,  when  this  was  not  pos- 
sible, of  tracings  and  photographs,  as  well  as  for  their  kindly 


16    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  4,   Nos.  3  and  4 

encouragement  in  preparing  this  treatise,  would  require  more 
space  than  can  be  spared.  Thanks  are  especially  due  to  Dr. 
David  Boyle  of  the  Provincial  Museum,  Toronto;  Mr.  J.  D. 
McGuire  of  Ellicott  City,  Maryland;  Prof.  T.  H.  Lewis  of  St. 
Paul;  Mr.  Clarence  B.  Moore  of  Philadelphia;  Mr.  Harlan  I. 
Smith  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York; 
Mr.  Warren  K.  Moorehead  of  Andover,  Mass.,  Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder 
of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  and  to  Mr.  Chas.  E. 
Brown,  secretary  and  curator  of  the  Wisconsin  Archeologioa' 
Society,  the  Messrs.  W.  H.  Elkcy,  W.  H.  Ellsworth,  H.  A.  Crosby, 
Charles  Quarles,  H.  K.  Denison,  Arthur  Wenz,  0.  T.  Lahiuan, 
A.  S.  Mitchell  and  Miss  Clare  Gruettner,  all  of  Milwaukee; 
S.  D  .Mitchell  of  Ripon;  J.  P.  Schumacher  of  Green  Bay; 
Horace  McElroy  of  Janesville;  H.  P.  Hamilton  of  Two  Rivers; 
Fublius  V.  Lawson  of  Menasha ;  Rolland  L.  Porter  of  Mukwonago ; 
J.  S.  Pickett  of  Pickett;  C.  T.  Glen  of  Oshkosh;  F.  H.  Lyman 
of  Kenosha;  F.  M.  Caldwell  of  Princeton;  E.  C.  Perkins  of 
Prairie  du  Sac;  Dr.  Alphonse  Gerend  of  Sheboygan,  and  other 
Wisconsin  archeologists  who  have  assisted  the  author  in  various 
ways.  He  is  also  indebted  to  the  Logan  Museum  of  Archeology 
at  Beloit  College,  Beloit,  Wisconsin;  State  Historical  Society; 
and  to  Milwaukee  Museum,  for  permission  to  examine  and  study 
the  specimens  in  their  collections. 


p. 


,//V  D/AN  HUNTING 
GROUNOS 


PLATE    I. 


Geo.  A.   West:  The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin.  47 

THE  ABORIGINAL  PIPES  OF  WISCONSIN. 

GEO.  A.  WEST. 


THE  WISCONSIN  INDIAN  TRIBES. 

The  fact  that  Wisconsin  is  exceedingly  rich  in  aboriginal  re- 
mains, in  the' form  of  mounds  and  artifacts,  is  not  to  be  wondered 
at,  when  one  considers  that  it  is  blessed  with  many  of  the  con- 
ditions most  favorable  and  necessary  to  human  existence.  Ths 
great  barriers,  Lake  Superior  on  the  north,  Lake  Michigan  on 
the  east,  and  the  Mississippi  river  on  the  west,  doubtless  served, 
in  a  great  measure,  to  protect  its  early  inhabitants  from  attacks 
of  their  enemies;  its  numerous  lakes  and  streams  teeming  with 
iish  and  fowl;  its  grassy  prairies  and  luxuriant  forests  replete 
with  game;  its  rich  and  productive  soil,  together  with  an  abund- 
ance of  material  for  the  manufacture  of  implements  in  copper, 
clay  and  stone,  satisfied  all  the  necessities  and  desires  of  aborig- 
inal man. 

The  "Badger  State''  as  now  known,  was,  within  the  space  of 
136  years,  successively  ruled  by  two  kings,  one  state  and  four 
territories.  It  was  under  the  government  of  France  for  89 
years,  Great  Britain  for  35  years,  Virginia  and  Ohio  for  6  years, 
Indiana  for  9  years,  Illinois  for  9  years,  and  Michigan  for  18 
years,  finally  becoming  a  state  in  1848. 

Its  principal  Indian  tribes,  at  the  time  of  the  arrival  of  the 
earliest  explorers  and  missionaries,  belonged  to  two  great  lin- 
guistic stocks:  the  Algonkin  (Algic)  and  Dakotan  (Siouan). 

On  the  islands  <  of  Green  bay  lived  the  Pottawattomies. 
The  Menomonees  occupied  the  west  shore  of  Green  bay,  about 
the  mouth  of  the  river  bearing  that  name.  At  the  head  of  the 
bay  resided  the  Winnebagoes.  Down  the  Fox  river  but  a  few 
leagues  were  the  homes  of  the  Sacs,  Foxes,  and  Mascouteus. 
The  Ohippewas,  formerly  a  part  of  the  original  warlike  tribe, 
better  known  as  the  Ojibwas,  claimed  the  territory  extending 


4S      WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  4,   Nos.  3  and  4 

along  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior.  On  the  St.  Croix  river 
were  scattering  villages  of  the  Sioux.  The  Kickapoos  and 
To  was  lived  in  the  southwestern  part  of  what  is  now  Wisconsin. 

The  Hurons  came  to  avoid  the  Iroquois.  The  Ottawas,  al- 
though not  natives  of  the  soil,  appear  to  have  been  more  or  less 
permanent  residents  at  various  places  in  Northern  Wisconsin 
and  the  Lake  Superior  region.  The  Illinois  and  Miamis  appear 
to  have  had  no  permanent  home  here,  they  being  simply  strag- 
gling adventurers,  having  a  partial  residence  in  this  territory. 

About  the  year  1822,  the  Oneidas,  Brothertons  and  Stock- 
bridges  immigrated  from  New  York  State,  having  purchased 
their  lands,  which  lie  principally  in  Calumet  county,  from  the 
Menomonees  and  Winnebagoes. 

The  eastern  part  of  what  is  now  the  state  was  a  common  bat- 
tleground between  the  Dakotas  and  other  tribes.  In  1648  the 
fierce  Iroquois  ravaged  the  country  of  the  Hurons  with  pestilen- 
tial fury,  leaving  remnants  of  their  stock  here. 

Mr.  Henry  E.  Legler  says: — "Wisconsin  Indians  moved  with 
the  seasons,  following  game  or  seeking  the  ground  best  adapted 
for  growing  corn.  In  the  places  where  water  and  fish  were 
accessible  and  where  grain  and  root  crops  flourished  most,  they 
Ditched  their  wigwams;  in  these  places  the  toiling  t>riests  came 
to  them,  and  in  these  places  have  b?en  built  the  principal  cities 
of  the  State." 

"In  most  respects  the  life  of  the  Wisconsin  Indi^*  HH  nM; 
differ  materially  from  that  of  other  Indians  of  allied  tribes. 
Game  was  abundant  and  included  many  animals  which  are  now 
extinct,  or  to  be  found  only  in  the  far  West.  On  the  prairies 
in  the  western  part  of  the  State  roamed  great  herds  of  buffalo. 
TCear,  elk,  moose,  antelope  and  even  the  woodland  cariboo  were 
the  prey  of  the  hunter,  and  the  waters  fairlv  teemed  with  fish" 
(Leading  Events  of  Wisconsin  History,  p.  23). 

The  Jesuits,  who  were  the  early  explorers  of  the  territory  now 
known  as  Wisconsin,  were  either  natives  of  France  or  descend- 
ants of  the  French,  who  originally  settled  Canada.  In  contrast 
to  the  Spanish  explorers  of  Mexico  and  Peru,  who  left  a  tale 
of  murder  and  plunder  behind  them,  these  Fathers  came  among 
the  Indians  as  brothers. 


Geo.  A.   west:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin.  49 


EARLY  EXPLORERS. 

History  ascribes  to  Jean  Nicolet  the  honor  of  being  the  first 
white  man  who  set  foot  on  what  is  now  Wisconsin  soil.  His  visit 
is  pretty  well  settled  to  have  been  about  the  year  1634,  only 
fourteen  years  after  the  landing*  of  the  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth 
Rock. 

The  next  similar  explorer  to  reach  this  land  was  Father 
Menard,  who  in  1660,  established  a  Mission  at  La  Pointe,  Apostle 
islands.  Then  followed  Claude  Allouez,  who  came  to  Green  Bay 
in  1669,  and  was  the  first  Jesuit  Missionary  to  explore  the  west 
shore  of  Lake  Michigan. 

In  1673  Father  Marquette,  a  Jesuit  missionary,  and  Joliet,  a 
trader,  a  resident  of  Quebec,  and  five  others  coasted  the  shore  of 
Lake  Michigan  to  Green  bay,  then  up  the  Fox  and  down  the 
Wisconsin  rivers  to  the  Mississippi. 

In  1679  Robert  de  LaSalle  and  with  him  Louis  Hennepin,  a 
member  of -the  order  of  St.  Francis,  built  the  Griffin,  of  60  tons, 
at  Mackinac,  (the  first  vessel  that  floated  on  the  Great 
Lakes),  to  be  used  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  goods  to  a  trading 
post  opened  by  him  at  Green  Bay.  She  was  caught  in  a  storm 
on  Green  bay,  the  same  year,  and  has  never  since  been  seen. 

INDIAN  WARS. 

The  French  claimed,  by  reason  of  discovery,  the  country  along 
the  borders  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  Great  Lakes  and  the  Missis- 
sippi ;  while  the  English  claimed,  by  virtue  of  charter,  the  same 
lands.  This  state  of  affairs  resulted  in  many  bloody  conflicts  in 
which  the  English  colonists  were  finally  victorious.  This  coun- 
try then  fell  to  the  English,  and  was  held  by  them  until  the  war 
of  the  Revolution.  De  Langlade  influenced  the  Indians  to  join 
the  French  in  harassing  British  settlements  and  posts,  and  to 
participate  in  the  battle  which  resulted  in  Braddock's  defeat. 

In  1687,  Perrot  led  several  hundred  Wisconsin  Indians 
against  tribes  of  Western  New  York.  For  30  years  previous  to 
1746,  war  between  the  French  with  their  allies  and  the  Foxes, 
in  Central  Wisconsin,  was  fought  with  a  determination  and  ani- 
mosity probably  never  equalled  in  this  country.  From  1826  to 


50      WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 

1828,  war  was  waged  against  the  whites  by  the  Winnebagoes. 
The  Sacs  and  Foxes,  who  became  confederates,  wrrested  from  the 
Illinois  their  possessions  about  the  mouth  of  the  Rock  river,  and 
in  1832  Black  Hawk  and  his  followers  engaged  the  settlers  of 
Southern  Wisconsin  in  the  last  of  the  Indian  wars  fought  upon 
the  Wisconsin  soil. 

ABORIGINAL   TRADE. 

That  channels  of  trade  between  the  various  Indian  nations  of 
America  existed  for  a  long  time,  is  a  well  established  fact.  Prof. 
Perkins,  in  speaking  of  objects  in  copper,  bone  and  shell,  states : 
^Of  course  these  things  might  have  been  obtained  in  war,  but 
there  is  good  reason  to  believe  that  trading  of  some  sort  was  car- 
ried on  among  many  different  tribes  all  over  the  country  "(Pre- 
historic Implements,  p.  93).  Specimens  made  from  Lake  Su- 
perior copper  are  found  far  to  the  south  and  southwest.  Conch 
shells  are  frequently  found  in  the  mounds  of  Wisconsin.  Hon. 
Publius  V.  Lawson  has  listed  here  about  50  obsidian  imple- 
ments. The  material,  doubtless  came  from  the  Rocky  mountain 
region. 

A  neatly  worked  piece  of  amazon  stone,  in  the  possession  of 
the  writer,  found  in  this  state,  must  have  been  brought  from  the 
Rocky  mountains  by  the  Indians.  A  few  specimens  in  bone, 
plainly  bearing  the  ear-marks  of  the  Northwest  Coast  Indian, 
have  been  found  in  Wisconsin. 

Hunting  and  war  parties  traveled  long  distances  from  home. 
"Some  of  them  informed  me,'?  said  Carver  in  speaking  of  the 
Winnebago  Indians,  of  Wisconsin,  ''that  they  made  excursions  to 
the  southwest,  which  tool:  several  moons.  An  elderly  chief,  moi'e 
particularly  acquainted  with  me,  said  that  about  46  winters  ago, 
he  marched  at  the  head  of  50  warriors  towards  the  southwest  for 
three  moons.  That  during  the  expedition,  while  they  were  cross 
ing  a  plain,  they  discovered  a  body  of  men  on  horseback,  who 
belonged  to  the  black  people  (Spaniards)  whom  the  "Winnebagoes 
attacked,  and  killed  most  of  them,  and  took  from  them  eighty 
horses  loaded  with  silver."'  This  is  supposed  to  have  been  a 
caravan  carrying  silver  from  Colorado  to  Mexico,  the  silver  they 
threw  away,  calling  it  white  stones. 


Geo.  A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin.  51 

It  is  more  or  less  certain  that  not  a  few  of  the  aboriginal  pipes 
found  in  Wisconsin  are  exotics.  Yet  only  an  occasional  speci- 
men can  be  safely  classed  as  such. 

Of  the  origin  of  the  several  examples  of  the  Iroquoian  trumpet- 
shaped  pipe,  found  in  Wisconsin,  there  can  be  110  doubt. 

The  slate  bird  pip'e  shown  in  Fig.  83  is  a  well  known  New 
England  type,  the  only  example  obtained  here.  The  frog  pipe- 
illustrated  in  "Fig.  90  is  a  common  Tennessee  type,  and  the  same 
can  be  said  of  the  effigy  pipe  shown  in  Fig.  72.  The  fact  that  no 
other  pipes  of  the  same  form  have  been  found  in  Wisconsin, 
would  appear  to  substantiate  the  theory  that  they  were  not 
made  here. 

Barter,  trade  and  conquest  doubtless  resulted  in  bringing  to 
this  region  the  models  oi;  many  of  our  most  frequent  types  of 
pipes.  The  aborigines  were  not  slow  in  duplicating  desirable 
forms.  In  a  short  time  a  single  exotic  might  be  the  means  of 
establishing  a  common  domestic  type.  By  passing  from  tribe 
10  tribe  in  this  manner,  many  types  of  pipes  may  have  received 
their  general  distribution  over  a  wide  territory.  Thus  to  locate 
the  place  where  any  of  the  common  types  originated  would  be 
difficult.  The  finding  of  numerous  examples  of  a  certain  type  in 
one  locality  is  no  certain  evidence  that  the  form  originated  there. 
Some  greater  tribe,  hundreds  of  miles  distant  from  the  original 
place  of  manufacture,  upon  securing  a  model  of  a  popular  form 
of  pipe,  may  have  made  thousands  of  duplicates  to  supply  the 
demand. 

The  materials  of  which  Wisconsin  specimens  are  made  do  not 
assist,  to  any  great  extent,  in  determining  the  place  of  their 
manufacture.  All  varieties  of  stone  employed  by  the  Indians  in 
the  making  of  pipes,  except  Minnesota  catlinite,  are  found  within 
the  borders  of  the  state,  either  in  ledges  or  in  the  glacial  deposits. 
Minnesota  pipestone  was  brought  from  the  quarries  in  blocks  of 
convenient  size  for  carrying  and  afterwards  manufactured  into 
pipes  and  ornaments.  This  material  may  not  properly  be  con- 
sidered foreign,  as  the  quarries  were  located  in  the  country  of 
the  Sioux,  which  Indians  at  different  periods  occupied  the 
greater  part  of  what  is  now  Wisconsin,  and  wrere  possibly  its 
first  inhabitants  and  mound  builders. 


-  IT  OF  CALIFORNIA 


52      WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


INDIAN  TOBACCO. 

Although  the  fact  has  been  controverted,  there  remains  but 
little  doubt  that  the  knowledge  of  tobacco  and  its  uses  reached 
the  rest  of  the  world  from  America.  Reports  of  Columbus'  first 
expedition  in  1492,  state  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  island  of 
Cuba  "carried  lighted  firebrands  to  kindle  fire  and  perfumed 
themselves  with  certain  herbs  which  they  carried  along  with 
them." 

The  habit  of  snuff-taking  was  described  by  Roman  Pane,  who 
accompanied  Columbus  on,  his  second  voyage.  Tobacco  chewing 
was  observed  by  the  Spanish  along  the  coast  of  South  America, 
in  1502.  Explorations  of  the  interior  of  the  continent  showed 
the  use  of  tobacco,  especially  by  smoking,  as  universally  an  old 
custom,  and  often  associated  with  religious  and  ceremonial 
rites. 

The  term  tobacco  is  said  to  have  originated  from  a  two 
pronged  tube,  originally  used  by  the  inhabitants  of  San  Domingo, 
for  the  purpose  of  inhaling  smoke  through  the  nose  and  called 
by  them  * '  tabaco. ' '  Benzoni,  however,  in  his  { f  Travels  in  Amer- 
ica" (1542 — 56)  says  that  the  Mexican  name  of  the  herb  was 
"tobacco." 

The  tobacco  plant  found  its  way  to  Spain  from  Mexico  in 
1558.  The  services  rendered  by  Jean  Nicot,  a  French  ambassa- 
dor to  Portugal,  in  spreading  a  knowledge  of  the  plant,  has  been 
commemorated  in  the  scientific  name  of  the  genus  Nicotiana. 
The  plant  at  first  was  thought  to  possess  wonderful  medicinal 
qualities.  Sir  Francis  Drake,  and  Ralph  Lane,  the  first  governor 
of  Virginia,  first  carried  tobacco  to  England  in  1586.  The  habit 
of  smoking  was  initiated  by  the  English  and  spread  with  mar- 
velous rapidity  throughout  all  Europe. 

There  are  about  fifty  species  of  nicotiana,  all  but  two  being  of 
American  origin,  but  of  these  the  leaves  of  but  few  are  used  as 
tobacco. 

The  aborigines  of  the  Great  Lakes  region,  at  the  time  of  the 
Discovery,  although  inveterate  smokers,  did  not  use  the  tobacco 
of  the  West  Indies,  but  employed  native  products  instead.  The 
substance  generally  employed  was  the  green  portion  of  the  bark 
of  the  young  red  osier  cornel  or  dogwood  (Cornus  stolonifera 


Geo.  A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin.  53 

Michx.)  which  when  prepared  they  called  " Kinnikinik. "  The 
leaves  of  the  sumach  (likus  glabra  Wood,  and  U.  aromatica  Ait.) 
were  sometimes  smoked. 

A  third  variety  of  native  tobacco  consisted  of  the  leaves  of  a 
low  growing  evergreen  shrub  called  bearberry  or  leaf  redwood 
(Arctostophylos  uva-ursi  Spreng)  reported  by  Philip  B.  Wells, 
a  botanist  of  Milwaukee,  as  found  in  Wisconsin  as  far  south,  as 
Fox  Point,  Milwaukee  county,  in  the  Lake  Superior  country 
and  west  to  the  Yellowstone. 

Wild  tobacco  (Nicotiana  rustica  L.)  was  cultivated  to  some 
slight  extent  by  the  Wisconsin  Indians  and  still  grows  about 
the  places  they  frequented. 

Tobacco  as  we  now  know  it,  was  introduced  into  this  part  of 
America  by  the  whites.  The  Wisconsin  Indians  soon  became 
slaves  to  its  use,  but  owing  to  the  scarcity,  made  a  practice  of 
mixing  it  with  their  kinnikinik.  When  Wisconsin  Indians  made 
sacrificial  offerings  to  their  manitous,  tobacco  was  usually  an  im- 
portant factor.  Mr.  Henry  S.  Pond  of  Green  Bay,  in  an  address 
in  1856,  said:  "An  Indian  in  a  pious  fit,  hangs  on  a  tree  a 
beaver  or  otter  skin,  bear  or  dressed  deer  skin,  for  a  sacrifice  to 
the  Great  Spirit,  which  remains  there  until  destroyed,  or  until 
some  Indian  passes  that  way,  wants  and  takes  it,  leaving  a  piece 
of  tobacco  in  place  thereof,  which  he  may  lawfully  do. ' ' 

ABORIGINAL  PIPES. 


TOMAHAWK   PIPES. 

Previous  to  the  advent  of 
the  whites  in  America,  the 
tomahawk  was  a  weapon  used 
in  Indian  warfare,  and  was 
usually  made  with  a  stone 
head.  Many  of  the  so  called 
discs  and  scrapers  were  doubt- 
less fitted  to  handles  and 

Pre-Columbian  Tomahawk.  ,   ,,  . 

served  this  purpose.    The  head 

was  sometimes  made  from  the  horn  of  a  deer,  attached  to  a 
handle  in  the  form  of  a  pickax,  and  used  in  the  same  way.     A 


54      WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


large  number  of  copper  axes,  found  in  Wisconsin,  were  doubtless 
used  with  the  addition  of  a  handle.  The  standard  hatchet  of  the 
West  Indies  was  made  of  shell,  that  of  Alaska  of  nephrite,  and 
that  of  the  American  Indian,  of  stone,  iron,  copper  and  bone. 
There  are  slight  differences  of  form,  some  having  a  square  top, 
and  others  being  pointed,  yet  the  general  likeness  in  these  imple- 
ments prevails  throughout  the  world. 

The  Indian  for  tomahawk,  as  given  by  Smith  is  "tomaliock,'' 
by  Webster  "tomahaac/  'by  Sir&ohQy"tomohake;"  of  American 
Indian  origin,  Algonkin  "' lomehagen,' '  Mohegan  "tumnahegan,'' 
Delaware  "tamoihecan,"  explained  by  Luscombe  from  the  Cree 
dialect  "otomahuk,"  " knock  him  down,"  and  " otomahwaw," 
"he  is  knocked  down. ' ' 

It  was  the  Indian  custom  to  go  through  the  ceremony  of  bury- 
ing the  tomahawk  when  they  made  peace,  and  to  dig  it  up  again 
when  they  went  on  the  warpath;  hence  the  phrase  "to  bury  the 
hatchet"  'and  "to  dig  up  the  hatchet." 

Fig.  2  is  the  common  form  of  trade 
axe.  This  is  the  tomahawk  furnished 
by  the  whites  to  the  Indians,  and  used 
by  them  with  such  terrible  effect  in 
their  savage  wars.  It  may  not  be  out 
of  place  to  go  into  the  subject  slightly 
as  the  tomahawk,  so  commonly  men- 
tioned, is  often  confused  with  the  pipe 
tomahawk,  and  because  the  nationality 
of  the  former  has  a  bearing  upon  that 
of  the  latter. 

The  trade  axe  usually  has  a  broad 
cutting  edge  but  is  narrow  near  the 
socket.  Some  have  a  projecting  poll; 
but  most  of  them  were  made  by  bend- 
ing over  the  flat  iron,  the  two  sides  be- 
ing brought  together,  welded,  and 
drawn  out  into  a  blade,  leaving  a  socket 
for  receiving  a  handle.  Dr.  W.  M. 
Beauchamp  reports  their  having  been 
found  in  great  quantities  throughout  New  York  State. 

Squier  said  of  these:     "Thousands  are  found  in  the  western 
counties  of  the  State,"  meaning  New  York.     Champlain  saw 


FIG.  2. 
Trade  Axe. 


Geo.  A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


them  there  in  1609.  Dr.  David  Boyle  reports  the  finding  of 
Hundreds  throughout  the  Province  of  Ontario. 

La  Salle  wanted  1,000  axes  for  trade  at  Fort  Frontenac  in 
1684,  which  would  cost  seven  or  eight  sous  a  pound,  and  would 
sell  for  thirty  sous  a  piece. 

Schuyler  gave  the  Iroquois  300  hatchets  in  1703.  Dr.  W.  M. 
Beauchamp  says:  "When  we  consider  the  great  quantities  of 
axes  that  the  English  and  Dutch  both  sold  and  gave  to  the 
Iroquois,  and  the  universal  prevalence  in  early  years  of  the  form 
known  as  the  French  Trade  axe,  we  are  led  to  believe  that  all 
were  not  French,  but  that  there  was  a  common  European  form 
two  or  three  centuries  ago,  as  it  is  in  Germany  yet.  A  large  pro- 
portion, a.t  least,  seem  to  have  been  made  at  Utrecht.  In  any 
case  most  of  the  iron  axes  found  on  New  York  Indian  sites  passed 
through  the  hands  of  its  colonists  (Bulletin  55,  p.  65). 

Hon.  Publius  V.  Lawson  writes:  "The  iron  hatchets  (not 
pipe  tonmhawks)  found  by  the  hundreds  along  the  Fox  and 
Wolf  rivers,  marked  or  stamped  with  from  one  to  three  circles 
enclosing  a  cross,  have  been  identified  as  having  been  made  at 
Utrecht." 

The  pipe  being  one  of  the  Indian 's  most  sacred  possessions,  the 
white  man  was  not  slow  to  see  that  a  combination  of  tomahawk 
and  pipe,  in  shining  metal,  would  make  a  most  coveted  prize,  and 
one  that  offered  many  advantages  to  the  simple-minded  aborig- 
ine, and  at  the  same  time  make  him  a  useful,  but  more  dangerous 
servant. 

These  weapons  were  made  with  either  a  hatchet  or  spear  blade 
on  one  side,  the  blunt  side  of  the  head  being  formed  into  a  pipe 
bowl,  which  communicated  witk  a  tubular  hollow  in  the  handle, 
thus  forming  a  combination  of  tobacco  pipe  and  tomahawk. 
The  material  of  the  head  was  usually  of  steel,  brass  or  pewter. 
Those  of  brass  had  dovetailed  or  brazed  in,  a  cutting  edge  of 
steel.  Their  graceful  shape,  together  with  the  artistic  orna- 
mentation of  the  metal  part  by  etching  and  inlaid  work  in  silver 
and  copper, — the  wooden  handle  or  stem  studded  with  large  brass 
headed  tacks  and  ornamented  by  the  burning  in  of  fantastic  de- 
signs, never  failed  to  attract  the  Indian.  Its  possession  made 
him  more  cruel  and  daring. 

The  red-man  was  not  slow  to  see  the  advantages  of  the  light 


56      WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 

arid  strong  product  of  white-man's  ingenuity,  as  compared  with 
the  heavy  stone  implements  of  his  fathers. 

The  English,  French,  Dutch  and  Spanish  each  lost  no  time  in 
furnishing  their  Indian  allies,  throughout  this  broad  land,  with 
a  bountiful  supply  of  tomahawks,  some  of  which  were  later 
buried  in  the  brains  of  Jesuit  Fathers,  helpless  women  and  little 
children. 

The  tomahawk  pipe  has  certainly  occupied  an  important  place, 
and  proven  itself  a  most  terrible  weapon,  in  the  hands  of  the 
savage  allies  of  the  whites,  in  the  long  and  bloody  Colonial  wars 
of  America.  Of  the  time  when  this  important  implement  came 
into  genera]  use,  and  the  history  of  its  manufacture,  unfortun- 
ately, but  little  is  known.  Robert  Rogers,  in  1765,  described  a 
tomahawk  with  wooden  head,  which  might  indicate  that  the  metal 
tomahawk  was  not,  at  that  time,  in  general  use  in  America. 

WHO  MADE  THE  PIPE  TOMAHAWK. 

While  most  of  these  metal  artifacts  are  classed  as  of  French, 
English,  Dutch  and  Spanish  origin,  large  numbers  were  made  by 
white  blacksmiths  in  the  employ  of  the  Indians,  and  some  by  the 
Indians  themselves,  who  had  been  schooled  in  the  art  by  the 
whites. 

The  giving  to  the  Indians  of  guns  and  other  metallic  imple- 
ments necessitated  the  furnishing  of  smiths  to  keep  them  in  re- 
pair, and  that  many  smiths  were  so  furnished  is  substantiated 
by  history.  While  the  principal  business  of  these  blacksmitlis 
was  the  repairing  of  guns,  they  doubtless  also  found  the  time  to 
make  many  tomahawk  pipes.  t 

Records  of  treaties  with  the  Indians  all  through  the  New 
England  States  show  that  the  furnishing  of  a  smith  was  of  the 
highest  importance  to  the  savage.  Dr.  Beauchamp  states :  "Metal- 
lic implements  made  blacksmitlis  necessary  to  the  Indians,  and 
it  became  a  matter  of  political  importance  whether  the  black- 
smith was  English  or  French."  "As  the  Iroquois  increased  their 
use  of  guns,  axes  and  kettles,  they  more  and  more  required  the 
aid  of  smiths"  (B.  55,  p.  62).  On  behalf  of  all  in  1692, 
Oheda,  an  Oneida  Chief,  said.  "We  desire  the  black- 
smith's Anvill  that  is  at  Onondage  may  remain  there, 
and  that  there  may  be  a  Smith  permitted  to  goe  and  live 


Geo.  A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin.  57 

there  for  tlie  mending  of  our  arms,  and  not  to  goe  away  againe 
so  soon  as  they  have  Traded,  as  the  other  Smith  did"  (O'Cal- 
laghan,  3 — 844,  quoted  by  Beauchamp,  B.  55,  p.  62). 

When  Lieut.  James  Gorrell  took  charge  of  western  posts,  pre- 
viously occupied  by  the  French,  after  delivering  a  speech  solicit- 
ing the  friendship  of  the  Indians,  he  was  requested,  among  other 
things,  to  furnish  them  a  blacksmith  (Gorrell's  Journal,  Oct.  11, 
1761). 

On  August  6th.  the  following  year,  three  chiefs  with  four  am- 
bassadors from  the  Avoy  Nation,  also  demanded  gunsmiths  (Wis. 
Hist.  Coll.,  vol.  1,  p.  31). 

Mr.  Stillwell  of  Dead  wood,  South  Dakota,  believes  that  many 
Minniwaukan  tomahawk  pipes  were  made  by  native  blacksmiths. 
In  Wisconsin  its  first  blacksmith,  Joseph  Jourdain,  made  rare 
and  beautiful  metal  pipes. 

Papers  from  the  Canadian  archives  state  that :  '  *  Lists  of  out- 
fits commonly  given  to  chiefs  in  making  a  treaty,  usually  con- 
tained one  tomahawk  pipe,  while  lists  given  to  common  Indiana 
never  contained  one,  which  would  indicate  that  they  were  given 
to  Chiefs  only"  (Wis.  Hist.  Coll.,  v.  12,  p.  102). 

Hon.  J.  G.  Fickett,  \vho  came  to  Jefferson,  Wis.,  in  1840,  states 
that  he  remembers  that:  "All  chiefs,  who  could  afford  them, 
wore  tomahawk  pipes  in  their  belts,  which  were  frequently  or- 
namented with  a  row  of  feathers  along  the  under  side  of  the 
handle."  He  thinks  they  were  carried  more  as  an  insignia  of 
office  than  as  a  hatchet. 

Among  hundreds  of  old  orders  for  traders  goods,  examined 
by  the  writer,  but  few  were  found  which  included  tomahawk 
pipes. 

MANY  OF  BRITISH  AND  DUTCH  MANUFACTURE. 

The  author  is  convinced  that  most  of  the  metal  artifacts  found 
m  Wisconsin,  commonly  attributed  to  French  origin,  were  really 
made  by  the  British  and  Dutch. 

The  finding  of  a  silver  brooch  at  Kaukauna,  Wis.,  which  was 
sent  to  the  Scottish  Antiquarian  Society  of  Edinburgh  for  iden- 
tification, as  appears  from  a  recent  annual  report  of  that  society, 
would  appear  to  confirm  the  theory  that  much  of  the  flash  metal 


58      WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 

jewelry  found  throughout  Wisconsin  was  made  in  the  Lacken- 
booth  Flats,  at  Edinburgh,  Scotland. 

Hon.  Publius  V.  Lawson  writes :  *  *  By  lavish  gift  making,  the 
British  had  the  strong  support  of  all  the  savage  tribes  of  the 
Northwest,  even  after  the  Treaty  of  17S9,  and  up  to  the  War  of 
1812.  Through  the  wars  all  the  Wisconsin  Indians  fought  with 
them.  The  fur  trade  was  also,  by  this  means,  directed  through 
Canada  to  Great  Britain"  (Daily  Northwestern,  Oshkosh).  Mr. 
Lawson  further  says:  "AVhen  the  Huguenots  were  driven  out 
of  France  under  Louis  XIV,  but  few  artisans  were  left,  but  the 
Dutch  were  always  artisans  and  mechanics.  I  had  concluded 
that  the  Dutch  made  and  furnished  the  supplies  for  the  French 
to  trade,  especially  the  metal  goods. ' ' 

"For  the  purposes  of  trade  among  the  Indians,  goods  were 
obtained  in  Montreal ;  the  merchants  of  Montreal  obtaining  them 
from  Great  Britain.  Great  Britain  took  possession  of  Canada  in 
1760  and  of  Mackinac  in  1763,  and  through  the  traders,  offi- 
cers and  alliance  with  the  Indians,  held  virtual  possession  of 
Wisconsin  up  to  1816 "  (Letter  to  the  author). 

Old  documents  long  preserved  in  the  Selby  family  in  Ken- 
tucky, state  that:  ''Edmund  Moran  was  furnished  goods  by  the 
large  mercantile  establishment  of  Capt.  Eben  Selby  &  Co.  of 
Fredrick  County,  Maryland,  who  were  largely  engaged  in  sup- 
plying goods  for  Indian  trade. '" '  "  The  English  Government  re- 
imbursed Selby  &  Co.  for  goods  lost  in  the  Indian  outbreak  of 
1763."  A  letter  from  Edmund  Moran  to  the  firm  of  Selby 
&  Co.  states:  ''You  may  remember  you  desired  me  to  en- 
gage goods  to  sell  to  the  French,  wholesale,  etc.,"  which  would  in- 
dicate that  the1  French  dealt  in  British  made  goods  (Vol.  8,  p. 
232,  Wis.  Hist.  Coll.).  Col.  A.  Lane  Fox,  quoted  by  Stevens, 
says  that:  "during  the  American  War,  the  English  were  com- 
pelled to  make  iron  tomahawks,  after  the  native  pattern,  with  a 
pipe  bowl  opposite  the  blade  of  the  weapon,  before  the  Indians 
could  be  efficiently  armed  as  allies."  Parkman  often  refers  to 
demands  of  the  Indians,  when  making  treaties,  for  a  blacksmith 
to  serve  their  tribe.  It  is  reasonable  to  suppose  that  smiths, 
furnished  upon  such  requests,  made  many  of  these  pipes  from 
gun-barrels  and  such  scrap-metal  as  they  could  obtain.  This  may 
account  for  many  specimens  of  poor  pattern  and  crude  work- 
manship that  have  come  under  the  author's  observation. 


Geo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


Fig.  3  is  a  Jourdain  pipe  tomahawk, 
secured  by  Daniel  Kellogg  from  an  Indian 
chief  at  an  Indian  camp  on  the  banks  of 
the  Crawfish  river,  near  Watertown,  \Vis., 
in.  1883.  This  pipe  is  I1 2"  long  from  the 
edge  of  the  blade  to  the  top  of  the  bowl, 
and  follows  a  type  commonly  found 
throughout  the  central  section  of  'Wiscon- 
sin and  universally  distributed  from  the 
Mississippi  river  to  the  Atlantic  ocean  and 
Canada.  One  side  of  its  blade  contains  a 
copper  inlaid  crescent,  the  opposite  side  an 
inlaid  bunch  of  clover  leaves  in  brass;  the 
crescent  was  the  maker's  mark,  and  was 
usually  made  of  copper  from  an  old 
French  coin. 

Of  the  several  types  of  pipe  tomahawks 
found  in  Wisconsin,  the  Jon  retain  is  the 
most  sought  after.  Hon.  Publius  V.  Law- 
son,  in  an  article  on  this  subject,  says: 
"The  first  blacksmith  to  locate  in  Wiscon- 
sin was  Joseph  Jourdain,  who  came  to 
Green  Bay  in  1798.  He  was  an  artist  in 
the  smithy  art,  and  could  fashion  a  razor 
or  a  sword.  The  pipe  tomahawks  which  he  Jourdain  Pipe  Tomahawk. 
made  from  old  gun-barrels,  are  marvels  of 

grace  and  beauty  in  design ;  the  handles  were  made  from  iron- 
wood  saplings,  and  served  as  stems  of  the  pipes." 

"Joseph  Jourdain  married  a  daughter  of  Michael  Gravel, 
whose  wife  was  the  daughter  of  a  Menominee  Indian  chief;  his 
•  laughter,  the  beautiful  Creole  Matilda  Jourdain,  became  the  wife 
of  an  Episcopal  devino,  Eleazer  Williams,  since  claimed  to  have 
been  the  lost  Dauphin,  Louis  XVII,  of  France''  (Milwaukee 
Sentinel,  May  17,  1901,  condensed). 

Mr.  Lawson  recently  wrote: — "One  of  these  pipes  was  un- 
earthed in  a  plowed  fie  la  at  Butte  des  Morts.  One  is  now  owned 
by  Dr.  H.  B.  Tanner  of  Kaukauna.  Mr.  Win.  Sommerville  of 
Menomonee,  Mich.,  claims  to  own  one,  dug  up  in  the  garden  of 
F.  E.  Teetshorn  at  Green  Bay.  Mr.  Thos.  R.  Roddy,  now  chief  of 
the  Wisconsin  Winnebagoes,  is  said  to  have  a  Jourdain  hatchet 


FIG. 


WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


in  his  possession.  The  estate  of  S.  S.  Roby  of  Menasha  owns 
one,  and  Thos.  Jourdain  told  Mr.  S.  S.  Roby,  who,  in  his  lifetime 
was  a  noted  Wisconsin  collector  of  aboriginal  and  historical 
relics,  and  who  lived  at  Menasha,  Wis.,  that  the  one  in  his  pos- 
session was  made  by  his  father,  Joseph  Jourdain,  who  forged  it 
by  hand  from  a  gun-barrel,  and  that  he  made  many  more"  (con- 
densed). Mr.  "Walter  Wyman  of  Chicago  has  one  of  these  pipe 
tomahawks  in  his  collection,  which  he  prizes  very  highly,  as  he 
secured  it  from  one  of  Jourdain 's  direct  descendants,  and  has 
a  clear  pedigree  of  it.  A  fine  example  in  the  author's  collection 
secured  from  Mr.  Albert  K.  Stebbins  of  Milwaukee,  contains  not 
only  the  copper  crescent  but  two  narrow  rings  of  silver  inlaid 
around  the  bowl,  and  the  outlines  of  a  heart,  in  silver,  each  side 
of  the  eye.  A.  similar  specimen  is  in  the  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  New  York  City.  As  these  pipes  are  identical  in  shape, 
of  exquisite  workmanship,  each  containing  the  characteristic  in- 
laid crescent,  it  is  fair  to  presume  that  Joseph  Jourdain  was  the 
maker  of  each. 

Fig.  4  is  a  beautiful  pipe  tomahawk,  collected 
among  the  Cherokee  Indians,  over  50  years  ago ;  its 
head  is  but  4"  long,  made  of  pewter,  and  each  end 
of  the  handle  or  stem  is  mounted  with  the  same 
material.  This  specimen  \vas  evidently  intended 
for  a  pipe  and  not  a  weapon.  Tn  describing  the 
Indians  of  New  England  in  1543,  Roger  Williams 
said:  "They  have  an  excellent  art  to  cast  their 
pewter  and  brass  into  very  neat  artificial  pipes/' 

Fig  5  is  a  line  specimen  in  iron  found  on  a  battle- 
field of  the  Black  Hawk  War,  in  Southwestern  Wis- 
consin.    A  similar  example  in  the  same  collection 
(Cat.  No.  2101),  was  collected  by  IT.  II.  Hayssen. 
FlG   4        This  type  of  tomahawk  pipe  is  interesting,  from  the 
Pewter  pipe   fact  that  the  pike  or  halberd  shape,  in  use  during 
Tomahawk.     {}ie  Seventeenth  Century,  has  been,  to  quite  an  ex- 
tent, retained;  and  because  of  its  wide  distribution. 
Dr.  David  Boyle  writes  he  might  feel  disposed  to  regard  it  as 
of  French  origin,  on  account  of  the  resemblance  the  base  of  its 
bowl  has  to  an  inverted  fleur-de-lis. 

Mr.  J.  D.  McGuire,  in  a  personal  letter  states  that  he  is  in- 
clined to  feel  insistent  of  its  being  French,  and  typical  in  form 


Geo.  A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


61 


of  the  lilies  of  France,  but  suggests  it  as  but 
an  individual  opinion  with  only  hypothesis  to 
support  it. 

"Mr.  Mooney,  who  passed  much  time 
among  the  natives  of  the  southwestern  por- 
tion of  the  United  States,  attributes  this 
specimen  to  the  Mexican  or  Spanish  type'1 
(McGuire,  p.  467). 

Fig  6  was  once  the  property  of  "Growing 
Grass,"  medicine  man  of  the  Blaekfoot  Sioux. 
This  specimen  has  a  heart-shaped  figure  cut 
through  its  blade,  and 
is  further  ornamented 
with  numerous  dots. 
These  are  irregular  in 
size  and  depth,  and 
stamp  it  as  hand  made. 
It  was  possibly  used 
exclusively  for  cere- 
monial purposes,  and 


FIG.  6. 

Tomahawk  Pipe. 
Pub.  Mus.   Cat.  No. 


purposes, 
its     appearance    prob- 

FIG.  5. 

ably     secured     respect   Iron  Tomahawk  Pipe, 
and  added  mvstery  to     Mil-  p«b.  Museum 
the      medicine"     man's 
an  lies.     Its  shape  suggests  the  fleur-de-lis 
pattern,  and  many  things  about  it  bespeak 
the  skill  of  some  native  smith  in  an  en- 
deavor to  surpass  the  work  of  others.     , 

Two  specimens  were  seen  by  the  author, 
among  the  Musquito  Indians,  on  the  Sego- 
via river,  Nicaragua;  but  these  may  have 
come  from  British  Honduras  not  far  dis- 
tant. Mi*.  McGuire  mentions  a  pipe  of 
this  type  in  the  U,  S.  National  Museum, 
(Cat.  No.  15;>013;,  and  another  somewhat 
similar,  in  the  same  collection  (Cat.  No. 

Fig.  7,  known  as  the  Minniwaukaii 
type,  is  one  of  the  most  graceful  and 


62      WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


artistic  of  metal  tomahawk  pipes.  The  orna- 
mentation of  the  blade,  in  some  specimens  of 
this  type,  consists  of  incisions  in  the  metal,  of 
star  and  crescent-like  figures,  with  notches 
around  the  eye,  reaching  down  the  upper  angles 
of  the  blade.  In  others,  one  large  star  accom- 
panying a  cross  or  crescent,  is  cut  through  the 
blade ;  the  crescent  may  have  been  calculated  to 
represent  the  new  moon,  which,  together  with 
the  stars,  might  tend  to  awaken  in  the  savage  a 
spiritual  superstition,  connecting  the  weapon 
with  one  of  his  gods,  and  suggesting  its  use 
when  his  foes  were  wrapped  in  their  robes  of 
slumber. 

The  spear-shaped  blade  is  symmetrical,  thin, 
and  finely  tempered.  The  bowl  is  usually 
about  2"  in  length,  and  has  one  or  more  rings 
in  relief,  encircling  it.  The  handle  is  long  and 
ornamented  with  large  brass-headed  tacks,  and 
prominent  notches. 

The  head  of  the  specimen  shown  above  is 
10%"  long.  All  of  the  examples  of  this  type 
are  practically  of  the  same  length,  with  the  same 
general  style  of  ornamentation.  Each  of  the  stars  on  the  blade 
has  a  small  circle  for  the  center  with  an  equal  number  of  pro- 
jecting points.  The  crescents  are  of  uniform  size,  and  indicate 
that  they  were  made  with  a  die. 

This  specimen  was  collected  by  Mr.  Brunnor,  an  Indian  trader 
of  Fort  Totton,  Devils  jake,  North  Dakota,  who  presented  it  to 
Dr.  M.  B.  Warren  of  Carrington,  of  the  same  state;  and  was  by 
him  presented  to  Mr.  W.  II.  Ellsworth  of  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  and 
by  Mr.  Ellsworth  to  the  author.  This  weapon  was  carried  by 
Chief  Iron  Hea,rt,  through  the  Minnesota  Massacre. 

Mr.  Stillwell  of  Deadwood,  South  Dakota,  writes  that  he  has 
a  Minniwaukan  pipe  tomahawk  in  his  collection,  made  by  an 
Assiniboine  blacksmith  at  Pine  Ridge  agency — and  that  in  his 
opinion  all  examples  of  this  type  of  pipe,  that  are  well  pre- 
served, were  made  by  Indian  blacksmiths. 

A  specimen  in  the  United  States  National  Museum  (Cat.  No. 
23728),  collected  by  Maj.  Paul  Beckwith  at  the  Devils  lake, 
North  Dakota,  much  resembles  the  one  above  shown. 


FIG.  7. 

Minniwaukan  Type. 
Author's  Coll. 


Geo.  A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


63 


Mr.  McGuire  states  that:  "This  type  is  commonly  attributed 
to  the  French,  but  with  little  apparent  authority,  though  the 
presumption  may  well  be  correct,  for  we  know 
that  pipes   from    their  shape    and    ornamenta- 
tion were  attributable  to  their  proper  tribe,  and 
it  is  most  natural  that  the  English  and  French 
should  have  armed  their  allies  in  such  a  man- 
ner   as  to  render    them    easily    distinguishable 
from  their  enemies"  (p.  466). 

An  old  Indian  chief  on  the  Sioux  reserva- 
tion near  Devils  lake,  informed  the  author 
that  his  father's  people  obtained  this  style  of 
tomahawk  from  the  French  when  his  tribe 
lived  in  Wisconsin.  It  seems  to  be  limited  to 
the  territory  now  or  formerly  occupied  by  the 
Sioux  Indians.  Minniwaukan,  Devils  lake, 
North  Dakota,  being  the  location  which  has 
produced  nearly  all  the  examples  of  this  type 
of  tomahawk  pipe,  probably  accounts  for  the 
name  by  which  it  is  designated. 

Fig.  9  is  a  tomahawk  pipe 
of  battle  axe  form,  made  of 
iron,  and  found  at  Mon- 
te] io,  "Wis.  This  specimen 
is  7'/2"  long,  its  blade  being 
perforated  with  3  holes  and 
a  heart-shaped  figure.  The 
form  of  the  mortel-de-fer,  used  by  horse 
soldiers  of  the  middle  ages,  has  been  largely 
retained.  Feathers  and  other  ornaments 
were  sometimes  tied  to  the  holes  in  the  blade. 
The  axes  of  the  South  African  natives  gener- 
ally have  semi-circular  or  crescent  shaped 
blades.  Barter  and  trade  as  well  as  emigra- 
tion, accounts  for  the  finding  of  many  of 
these  implements  far  from  the  original  places 
of  distribution;  the  goods  of  the  trader  pre- 
ceded him  into  the  dark  and  forbidding  re- 
cesses of  the  wilderness.  A  tomahawk  pipe  of  this  type,  in  the 
collection  of  the  United  States  National  Museum  (Cat.  No. 


FIG.  8. 

Minniwaukan  Type. 

W.  H.  Middleton's 

Coll. 


FIG.   9. 

Tomahawk  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


13515),  is  referred  to  by  Mr.  McGuire,  (p.  467),  as  possibly 
being  of  Spanish  type,  the  curved  blade  being  typical  of  the 
battle-axe  used  by  the  Spaniards.  The  absence  of  proof  to  the 
contrary  may  substantiate  this  theory. 

Fig.  10  is  a  most  graceful  form  of  toma- 
hawk pipe,  collected  by  Mr.  "W.  H.  Ellsworth, 
at  Devils  lake,  North  Dakota.  The  head  of 
this  pipe  was  cast  of  brass,  but  contains  no 
trade  mark  of  its  maker.  Into  the  blade  was 
dove- tailed,  not  brazed  or  soldered,  a  cutting 
edge  of  steel.  The  bowl  is  acorn-shaped, 
The  brass  portion  is  594''  long,  elaborately 
chased,  and  otherwise  decorated  by  deep  in- 
cisions in  the  metal.  When  new  and  pol- 
ished it  must  have  been,  to  the  savage,  a  much 
coveted  prize.  The  Milwaukee  Museum  has 
one  in  its  collection  (Cat.  No.  2108),  a  Wis- 
consin find. 

Mr.  E.  C.  Perkins,  of  Prairie-du-Sac,  Wis., 
reports  the  finding  of  2  brass  pipes.  One  was 
unearthed  by  Mr.  Bradbury  Robinson,  while 
grading  down  two  mounds  on  the  S.  E.  1/4  of 
the  N.  E.  "14  of  Sec.  36,  within  the  city  limits 
of  Baraboo,  Sank  county,  "Wis. ;  the  other 
plowed  out  by  Mr.  Oscar  Van  Valkenberg,  on 
his  farm  but  a  few  miles  from  the  place 
where  the  first  mentioned  was  discovered. 
Mr.  Perkins  has  lived  in  that  vicinity  for 
57  years,  and  knew  of  but  one  other  tomahawk  pipe  having 
been  found  there,  it  being  of  iron.  A  brass  pipe  of  similar 
shape,  found  in  Cattaraugus  county,  N.  Y.,  is  now  in  the  U.  S. 
National  Museum.  Another,  in  the  museum  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  was  found  in  California, 

A  drawing  of  the  Robinson  pipe  furnished  by  Mr.  A.  B.  Stout 
of  Baraboo,  shows  the  specimen,  exclusive  of  the  bowl  which 
is  broken  away,  to  be  7"  long,  terminating  bluntly,  and  indicat- 
ing that  a  cutting  edge  was  originally  brazed  on.  The  blade  is 
3%"  wide  and  differs  in  design  and  ornamentation  from  the  type 
under  consideration. 

Mr.  David  Boyle,  decribes  one  of  these  pipes,  in  the  George  E, 


FIG.  10. 

English  Type  of 

Tomahawk  Pipe. 

Author's'  Coll. 


(Joo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


65 


Laidlaw  collection,  on  deposit  in  the  Provincial  Museum,  Toronto, 
found  near  Balsam  lake,  Canada,  and  refers  to  it  as  "a  piece 
of  honest  work,  beautiful  arid  useful."  He  states  that  "toma- 
hawks of  this  kind  are  usually  supposed  to  have  been  for 
presentation  to  chiefs  and  leading  braves,  but  no  doubt  many 
of  them  were  exchanged  for  peltry"  (1897-98,  Eept.  Prov.  Mus., 
p.  31). 

He  writes: — "I  suppose  the  reason  for  the  diversity  of  pat- 
terns on  these  objects  is  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  designs 
were  wholly  produced  by  hand.  For  trading  purposes  the 
British  (not  the  English),  French  and  Dutch  traders  were  not 
so  much  concerned  in  producing  anything  of  a  national  type, 
as  to  supply  the  Indian  with  the  kind  of  things  they  thought  the 
Indian  would  like,  and  the  probability  that  in  a  matter  of  this 
kind  patterns  were  not  copyrighted,  but  used  indiscriminately, 
for  the  purpose  in  question. ' ' 

Fig.  11,  another  type  of  tomahawk  pipe  in 
iron,  probably  of  British  make,  is  9"  long,  and 
was  found  in  Marquette  county.  This  type  has 
an  acorn-shaped  bowl,  and  contains  less  orna- 
mentation than  does  a  very  similar  one  of 
Dutch  production.  An  example  in  the  author's 
collection,  found  on  the  site  of  old  Fort  Winne- 
bago,  Columbia  county,  is  but  61/2"  in  length 
and  badly  rusted.  Specimens  of  this  pattern 
are  usually  badly  rusted  which  would  appear 
to  substantiate  the  theory  that  most  of  them, 
date  back  to  the  time  of  the  French  and  Indian 
Ava,rs.  Out  of  20  examples  examined  by  the 
author,  but  one  seems  to  have  been  cast.  No 
two  were  of  the  same  size,  or  alike  in  ornamen- 
tation, yet  the  same  general  form  prevailed  in 
all.  It  seems  certain  that  while  some  of  the 
tomahawk  pipes  made  by  the  Dutch  and  Brit- 
ish, who  sold  them  to  French  traders,  reached 
Wisconsin,  the  great  distance  they  had  to  be 
transported  made  them  expensive  and  that  a 
large  percentage  of  the  pipes  of  this  class,  now  found  here,  were 
made  by  local  blacksmiths,  using  the  standard  types  for  models. 
Four  pipes  of  this  variety,  recently  offered  to  the  author  by  a 


Fte.  11. 

Acorn  Type  of 

Tomahawk  Pipe. 

Author's'  Coll. 


6G 


WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


dealer,    were  found,    upon  careful  examination,    to  have    been 
lately  made  of  cast  iron. 
Mr.  David  Boyle  attributed  specimens  with  the  acorn-shaped 

bowl  to  British  make.     Mr.  McGuire  in  a  recent  letter  states : — 

"I  think  Dr.  David  Boyle  has  the  correct  view  as  to  the  acorn 

type,  however,  I  think  the  subject  well  worth  study." 

Fig1.  12,  found  near  Menasha,  Wis.,  is  made 
of  iron,  S-Vsj"  long,  finely  wrought,  and  graceful 
in  form.  The  neck  of  the  bowl  is  octagonal  in 
shape,  a  peculiarity  of  this  type.  Circles  on 
each  side  of  the  eye  were  probably  made  to 
represent  the  eyes  of  some  animal  or  bird.  The 
incised  lines  running  back  from  the  bowl,  each 
side  of  the  eye,  are  paralleled  by  a  line  of  faint 
dots  on  each  side,  giving  it  an  artistic  finish. 
A  similar  specimen  in  the  collection  of  the  lion. 
J.  G.  Pickett,  was  found  in  an  Indian  grave. 
The  tomahawk  pipe  is  most  frequently  found  in 
Wisconsin,  along  the  shores 
of  the  Fox  and  "Wisconsin 
rivers.  These  rivers  being 
the  canoe  route  that  early  ex- 
plorers and  traders  made  use 
of  on  their  way  from  Green 
Bay  to  the  Mississippi  and 
beyond. 

Fig.    13    is   a   very   modern 

type  of  tomahawk  pipe.       This   specimen    was 

obtained  from  a  Sioux  Indian.     It  is  9%"  long; 

the  blade,  which   is  4^2"  broad,    is   perforated 

with  two  round  holes  and  a  heart-shaped  figure. 

This   example  was  but  slightly    ornamented  in 

its  original  shape,  the  perforations  of  the  blade 

having  been   made  after  it  left   the  hands    of 

the  maker.     It  is  said  to  be  of  British  origin, 

and  was  obtained  by  the  Sioux  in  trade. 

Another  example  of  this  type,  in  the  author's 

collection,  was  plowed  up  in  Northern  Illinois. 

One  in  the  Milwaukee    Museum  (Cat.  No.  2102),    contains  the 

heart-shaped  perforation. 


FIG.  12 

Tomahawk  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


FIG.  13. 
Sliouan  Tomahawk 

Pipe. 
Author's1  Coll. 


Geo.  A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


(57 


FIG.  14. 
Catlinite  Tomahawk 

Fipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


Fig.  14  is  closely  allied  to  the  pipe  shown  in 

Fig.  13,  and  is  a  very  clever  piece  of  recent 

Indian  work    in  stone        This    specimen    was 

procured  by  Mr.  Herman  S.  Wilkeuson  from 

an  Indian  chief  at  Le  Vorn,  Minn.,  in  1880, 

it  is  made  of  beautiful,  dark  red  catliiiite,  ob- 
tained  from   the   famous   pipe-stone   quarries 

of  that  state.     The    drilling  of  the    bowl  and 

stem-hole    are    plainly    indicative    of    Indian 

make.     This   specimen  is  5^/2  "  long,    and  was 

doubtless    patterned  after    the  Siouaii    metal 

type  before  noted.     Owing  to  the  fragile  ma- 
terial of  which  it  was  made,  it  could  not  have 

been  intended  as  a  weapon.     A  similar  speci 

men  is  in  the  collection  of  Gen.  Gates  P.  Thrus- 

ton  of  Nashville,  Tenn.   (See  Fig.  114,  p.  210, 

Antiq.  of  Tenn.)  ;  Mr.  CharJes  Bodenbach,  of 

Milwaukee  has  an  example  that  exceeds  Fig. 

14  in    interest  its    blade    containing  a    heart- 
shaped  perforation. 

Fig.  15  is  a  specimen  of  the  cross-form  of 
pipe  tomahawk.  Prof.  T.  H.  Lewis  reports  one 
having  been  found  near  Prairie  du  Chieii  and 
another  at  Green  Bay.  A  third  was  plowed  up 
in  the  town  of  Norway,  Ilacine  county.  This 
style  of  pipe  is  usually  highly  ornamented,  and 
often  contains  a  perforation  of  the  blade,  in  the 
form  of  a  cross.  The  part  containing  the  eye 
projects  for  some  distance  on  each  side  of  the 
bowl  making  the  pipe  suggestive  of  a  cross.  In 
one  example  this  projection  was  sharpened  to 
a  point.  The  general  shape  of  this  class  of 
pipe  tomahawk  would  suggest  British  make  for 
French  traders.  A  large  number  of  modifica- 
tions of  the  several  foregoing  types,  probably 
made  by  native  smiths,  have  been  found  in 
Wisconsin. 

Fig.  16,  is  6'  long,  made  of  brass,  with  a 
steel  lance-like  point  brazed  to  the  blade,  and 

a  similar  sharp  point  of  steel  set  into  the  top  of  the  handle, 

making  it  capable  of  being  used  to  thrust  or  strike  with.     This 


FIG.  15 

Iron  Pipe  Tomahawk 
Author's  Coll. 


68      WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


FIG.  16. 

Tomahawk  Pipe. 

Mil.  Pub.  Mus.  Cat. 

No.  2106. 


FIG.  17. 

Catllnite  Tomahawk  Pipp. 
Author's  Coll. 


is  a  strongly  made  weapon,  and 
heavy  enough  to  be  thrown  with 
accuracy  for  a  long  distance. 
No  other  example  of  this  type 
has  come  to  the  author's  notice. 
Fig.  17  is  a  tomahawk  pipe 
made  of  dark  red  catlinite,  an 
interesting-  form,  retaining  in 
stone  the  pike  and  htolb3rd  style 
of  the  Spanish  type.  This  ex- 
ample was  plowed  tip  by  Mr.  K. 
K,  Jones,  near  Bangor,  La 
Crosse  county.  The  point  of  this 
specimen  is  missing.  The  pres- 
ence of  file  marks  indicate  that 
it  was  made  after 
the  advent  of  the 
whites,  but  the 
workmanship  is 
plainly  indicative 
of  Indian  manu- 
facture. It  is  too 
fragile  to  have 
been  intended  for  a 
weapon. 

18  is  of 
long,  evi- 
dently hand-made. 
It  has  the  acorn- 
shaped  bowl  but  its 
blade  is  extended 
to  a  length  beyond 
all  proportion  and 
strongly  suggests  a 
dagger.  About  the 
eye  and  base  of 
the  blade  are  many 
deep,  triangular  or-Tomallawk  PIP°. 
namental  clepres-  I)a^1>T^- 

Mil.  Pub.  Mus. 

sions  apparently  cut    Cat,No.2m 


ron 


Fig. 
12 


n<;. 


Geo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


with  a  chisel.  This  specimen  was  doubtlessly  fashioned  by 
some  pioneer  smith  to  please  the  fancy  of  some  cunning  medi- 
cine man.  Being  too  awkward  and  unhandy  for  general  use, 
it  was  possibly  used  Tor  ceremonial  purposes  only,  as  might  be 
said  of  most  exaggerated  examples. 


OTHER,  METALLIC  PIPES. 

Other  forms  of  metal  pipes,  although  not  so  frequently  found 
as  are  those  of  the  tomahawk  type,  seem  to  be  as  widely  dis- 
tributed. Mr.  J.  D.  McGuire.  (p.  459)  illustrates  one  of  iron 
from  Cherokee  county,  North  Carolina,  and  mentions  one  of  cop- 
per from  Stark  county,  Ohio.  Dr.  W.  M.  Beauchamp  (B.  55,  p. 
56)  describes  half  a  dozen  from  New  York  state,  and  the  writer 
has  located  at  least  a  dozen  found  in  Wisconsin.  These  pipes 
usually  resemble  the  English,  French  or  Dutch  forms  of  clay 
trade  pipes,  and  are  made  either  of  iron,  brass,  copper  or  silver. 
None  of  the  Wisconsin  finds  exhibit  a  distinctive  maker's  mark. 
Most  metal  pipes  were  doubtless  made  by  white  men,  yet  Roger 
Williams  referred  to  the  quickness  with  which  the  New  England 
Indians  learned  to  cast  metals,  even  in  the  form  of  pipes.  Mr. 
Beauchamp  (B.  55,  p.  56)  doubts  their  ability  to  cast  brass. 
Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder  writes  that  lead  pipes  were  cast  in  Illinois  by 
the  Canadian  French.  One  of  his  childhood  toys  was  a  fac- 
simile of  the  lead  pipe  shown  in  Fig.  24,  made  by  an  old  Canad- 
ian voyager,  who  occasionally  wintered  at  Cahokia,  St.  Clair 
county,  I1J.,  near  which  place  Dr.  Snyder  was  born  and  raised. 

Among  the  thousands  of  native  copper  implements  and  orna- 
ments found  in  Wisconsin,  the  author  has  failed  to  find  a  single 
pipe  made  from  this  metal.  A  few  copper  tubes  have  been  found, 
but  not  one  that  could  be  classed  as  a  pipe. 

Bullet  molds  of  stone,  formerly  in  the  Hoy  collection  at 
Racine,  were  found  with  a  gravel  pit  burial ;  a  similar  pair  of 
molds  were  recently  unearthed  on  a  village  site  on  the  shore  OL 
Lake  Michigan,'  while  stripping  at  the  quarries  of  the  Lake  Shore 
Stone  Company,  Stone  Haven,  Wis.  These  would -indicate  that 
the  Wisconsin  Indians  had  learned  the  art  of  casting  in  lead. 

Mr.  Beauchamp  states  that  bullet  molds  occur  on  Iroquois  sites 
250  years  old.  Bars  of  lead  were  often  given  to  the  New  Eng- 


70      WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 

Jand  Indians  in  trade.     The  Wisconsin  tribes  mined  it  in  quan- 
tities in  Southwestern  Wisconsin. 

Henry  Hudson  reports  having  seen  copper  pipes  in  use  by  the 
savages  in  New  York  in  1609.  Mr.  Beauchamp  (B.  55,  p.  56; 
states  that  none  of  these  are  known,  and  that  those  found  on 
Indian  sites  were  probably  made  by  white  men. 

Mr.  Beauchamp  •  (B.  55,  p.  57)  describes  an  interesting  silver 
pipe,  owned  by  Mr.  Walter  C.  Wyman  of  Chicago,  which  bears 
on  its  bowl  the  simple  inscription :  ' '  Presented  by  Gov.  Tomp- 
kins  to  Skenandoah. "  DeWitt  Clinton  visited  the  old  chief  of 
Oneida  in  ISlOj  and  said:  "He  is  entirely  blind  but  his  hair 
is  not  gray.  He  smokes  and  can  converse  a  little  in  English. 
He  was  highly  delighted  with  a  siJver  pipe  that  was  given  him 
by  Gov.  Tompkins."  The  latter  held  his  office  from  1807  to 
1817,  and  the  pipe  is  now  nearly  a  century  old.  Mr.  Wyman 
says:  "The  lettering  is  very  much  rubbed,  but  is  legible." 
The  pipe  was  obtained  with  the  wampum  belt  of  the  Oneida 
treaties,  directly  from  old  Skenandoah,  the  chief  of  the  Oneidas 
in  Wisconsin,  who  died  three  years  ago.  He  was  the  grandson  of 
the  owner  of  the  pipe,  and  was  about  90  when  he  died. ? '  In  the 
same  article  is  a  quotation  from  Sims  (p.  43),  describing  another 
silver  pipe  carried  in  1867  by  an  Indian  chief  named  "On-wan- 
on-shy-son,"  of  the  Province  of  Ontario,  Canada.  This  pipe  is 
said  to  have  descended  through  several  generations  of  sachems, 
and  had  become  among  them  an  evidence  of  the  bearer  ?s  dignified 
position.  On  the  plate  beneath  its  stem  was  engraved  a  history 
of  its  origin-,  and  the  inscription :  ' '  As  a  testimony  of  their  sin- 
cere esteem, ' '  and  on  its  reverse :  ' '  To  the  Mohawk  Indians,  from 
the  Nine  Partners  of  the  tract  near  Schoharie,  granted  in  1769." 

Mr.  Beauchamp  states  that  "when  the  trade  with  the  Dutch 
and  French  opened  more  fully  in  the  early  part  of  the  17th. 
century,  metallic  implements  and  ornaments  were  in  great  re- 
quest. One  had  only  to  look  over  old  bills  of  supplies  and  pur- 
chases to  see  how  great  was  their  quantity  and  variety.  For 
ornamental  purposes,  bronze,  brass,  and  nearly  pure  copper  long 
had  sway.  About  the  beginning  of  the  18th.  century,  silver  be- 
gan to  take  its  place,  and  for  150  years  held  its  own  as  a  fash- 
ionable metal"  (B.  55,  p.  15).' 

Through  barter  and  trade  and  the  pushing  into  the  wilder- 
ness of  the  fearless  Jesuits,  and  roving  fur-traders,  these  allur- 


Geo.  A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin.  71 

ing  products  of  white  man's  ingenuity  reached  the  aborigines  of 
Wisconsin,  far  ahead  of  the  settler 's  cabin ;  and  they  doubtless 
frequently  preceeded  the  explorers  of  history. 

In  refering  to  the  payment  by  the  Government,  of  $90,000  to 
the  Chippewas  a,t  La  Pointe,  Wis.,  in  1855,  Mr.  Richard  F.  Morse 
states  that  they  possessed:  ': thousands  of  pipes  of  varied  kinds 
and  sizes,  pipes  of  clay,  pewter,  wood,  iron,  pipes  in  hatchet-heads 
attached  to  canes,  long  and  short  ones,  elegantly  embelished  with 
feathers,  embroidery,  and  Indian  art,  etc."  (Vol.  3,  Col.  Wis. 
Hist.  Soc.,  p.  358). 

Most  of  the  pipes  referred  to  by  Mr.  Morse,  were  doubtless 
of  white  man's  make  for  Indian  trade,  as  at  that  date  pipe- 
making  by  the  Indians  hadjbecome  practically  a  lost  art. 

Tomahawk  pipes,  most  metal  pipes,  and  several  types  of  stone 
pipes  which  are  not  pre-Columbian,  were  in  use  among  the  sav- 
ages for  nearly  two  centuries.  Mr.  Beauchamp  says,  "They 
were  features  of  Indian  life,"  "and  in  order  to  understand  that 
life,  we  must  know  something  of  what  was  in  daily  use."  They 
are  now  records  of  the  past  which  will  be  valued  the  more  as 
time  goes  on.  Their  preservation  should  be  encouraged  and  the 
data  respecting  them  recorded. 

Fig.  19  is  a  badly  rust-eaten,  primitive 
metal  pipe  made  of  sheet  iron,  with 
edges  brought  together  and  brazed.  The 
bowl  is  1%"  high,  cone-shaped  with  a 
flat  base;  the  stem  1^4"  long,  and  set 
into  the  bowl  at  right  angles.  This 
interesting  specimen  was  plowed  up  in 
the  town  of  Deloma,  Sauk  county. 
An  iron  pipe  of  the  same  form,  except 

Brazed  Iron  Pipe. 

that  the  bottom  of  the  bowi  is  extended  Author's  coil, 

to  a   point,  is    reported  by    Prof.  T.  H. 
Lewis,  as  having  been  found  near  Portage,  Wis. 

A  very  similar  one  (Cat.  No.  12260,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.)  was  col- 
lected in  Cherokee  county,  North  Carolina,  by  Gen.  Thomas  A. 
Duncan.  It  is  said  to  have  been  found  in  an  old  shaft  supposed 
to  have  been  one  of  the  workings  of  De  Soto  in  that  state,  but 
more  likely  is  of  English  origin. 

"The  tobacco  pipe  of  the  famous  Miles  Standish,  who  came 
over  in  the  Mayflower,  and  which  was  smoked  by  him  on  the  day 


72      WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


of  his  death,  is  referred  to  as  a  little  iron  affair,  about  the  si/e 
and  shape  of  a  common  clay  pipe,  and  probably  just, such  an 
iron  pipe  as  is  often  found  in  European  countries,  and  com- 
monly, but  erroneously,  the  writer  thinks,  attributed  to  the 
Roman  period''  (Quoted  by  McGuire,  p.  459,  from  Antiquity 
of  the  Tobacco  Pipe  in  Europe).  Mr.  McGuire  states  that  he 
would  suspect  a  much  more  recent  period  than  that  of  De  Soto 
as  the  date  of  this  pipe,  and  either  the  French  or  English  as 
its  origin,  probably  the  latter.  This  view  is  strengthened,,  he 
writes,  by  the  finding  of  a  steatite  pipe  from  Westerly,  Rhode 
Lsland,  the  bowls  of  the  two  pipes,  except  in  material,  being- 
identical  (p.  460).  The  writer  fails  to  see  why  the  steatite  pipe 
could  not  have  been  copied  after  .a  pipe  of  De  Soto's  time  as 
well  as  after  one  of  later  date. 

Fig.  20  is  a 
graceful  form 
of  metal  pipe 
found  at  Brown 
Deer,  township 
of  Granville, 
Milwaukee  coun- 
ty, and  is  doubt- 
less of  British 
make.  This 
specimen,  now 


FIG.   20. 

Brnzetl  Iron  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


much  rust- 
eaten,  is  5" 
long,  with  a 
cone  -  shaped 
bowl  attached 
to  a  slightly 
curved  tubu- 
lar stem.  It 
is  made  of  two 
pieces  of  sheet 

wrought  iron;  the  edges  Of  the  bow]  over-lap  and  are  neatly 
brazed.  The  edges  of  the  stem  come  squarely  together,  and  are 
also  brazed. 

Fig.  21  was  found  by  a  farmer  while  grubbing  out  a  stump 
on  a  farm  in  the  township  of  Freedom,  Sank  county,  in  1888. 


Flo.    21. 

Iron  Pipe. 

Author's  Coll. 


Geo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


FIG.  22. 

Iron  Pipe. 

Author's  Coll. 


This  pipe  is  6"  long  and  made  of  wrought  iron,  bowl  and  stem 
of  one  piece,  the  edges  brought  squarely  together  under  the  stem, 
while  at  the  upper  part  of  the  bowl  they  over-lap  and  are  slightly 
welded.  Its  long  stem  and  graceful  shape  remind  one  of  the 
clay  trade  pipe.  It  is  probably  the  work  of  a  native  smith. 

Fig.  22,  taken  from  a 
mound  located  between  -Be 
loit  and  Janesville,  Wis.,  is 
4"  long,  made  of  malleable 
iron,  apparently  from  the 
barrel  of  a  musket.  The 
bowl  and  stem  are  of  one 
piece,  with  edges  welded. 
In  shape  it  resembles  the 
English  trade  pipes  of  clay. 
The  bowl  is  exceptionally 
large,  the  stem  hole  very 
small.  It  is  probably  the 

work  of  a  native  smith.  Prof.  T.  II.  Lewis  reports  the  finding 
of  a  similarly  shaped  iron  pipe  near  Prairie  du  Chien,  Wis.,  the 
only  difference  being  in  the  absence  of  the  heel. 

Fig.  23,  a  pecu- 
liar metal  pipe 
found  in  the  town 
of  Norway,  Ka- 
cine  county,  is 
5'Vv/'  long,  made 
of  a  wrought  iron 
tube,  and  show- 
ing no  signs  of 
welding  or  braz- 
ing. The  bowl  is 

quite  thick,  the  stem  is  worked  down  thin  and  now  rusted 
through,  (especially  on  the  sides  and  top)  where  the  metal  was 
filed  away  to  give  the  stem  a  square  form.  Three  rings  extend 
around  three  sides  of  the  end  of  the  stem,  and  a  small  triangular 
projection,  ornaments  its  top  near  the  rings.  The  point  where  the 
metal  was  cut  away  to  allow  the  bowl  to  be  brought  at  'right 
angles  to  the  stem,  is  close  fitting,  but  can  be  sprung  away,  show- 
ing no  evidence  of  brazing  or  welding.  One  peculiarity  of  the 
stem-hole  is  that  it  is  nearly  as  large  throughout  as  the  bowl 


FIG.  23. 

Iron  Pipe. 

Author's  Coll. 


74      WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


cavity,  which  would  indicate  that  the  pipe  was  made  from  a 
piece  of  iron  tube,  probably  a  gun-barrel,  and  intended  to  be 
used  with  the  addition  of  a  detachable  mouthpiece.  There  is 
little  doubt  but  that  this  pipe  is  the  work  of  a  native  smith. 

Pig.  24,  a  fine  specimen  of  cast 
lead,  found  10  feet  below  the 
surface  at  Little  Traverse,  Wis., 
is  IB"  long,  an  inch  high,  and 
in  the  form  of  the  British  trade 
pipe.  Unfortunately  there  is  no 
information  as  to  the  condition 
of  the  ground  where  this  speci- 
men was  unearthed. 

Pig.     25,     from     Marquette 


FIG.  24. 

Lead  Pipe. 

Mil.  Pub.  Mus.  Cat.  No.  133. 


FIG.  25. 

Lead  Pipe. 

A.  D.  Mitchell's  Coll. 


county,  is  of  cast  lead,  with 

a  cone-shaped  bowl,  an  inch 

high,  set  at  right  angles  to  a 

stem  2"  long.     Prof.    T.    II. 

Lewis   reports   a   lead    pipe 

of  this  type  with   a  square 

top  gradually  tapering  to  a 

rounded    bottom,    as    found 

near  Prairie  du  Chien,  AVis. 
Pig.    26,  from    Waupaca 

county,  is  of  cast  lead,  with 

cone-shaped  bowl,  an  inch  high,  at  right 
angles  to  the  stem.  This  is  a  very  small 
pipe,  yet  shows  considerable  use. 

Fig.  27,  from  Yernon  county,  col- 
lected by  TvT.  H.  Elkey,  is  of  cast  lead, 
and  in  shape  and  size  much  resembles 
the  bowl  of  the  ordinary  clay  pipe. 
This  example  is  nearly  2"  high  and  was 
cast  in  a  rough,  irregularly  shaped  mold. 
Fig.  28,  plowed  up  on  the  farm  of 
Mr.  K.  Reynolds,  Sec.  4,  Mt.  Pleasant, 

Racine  county,  in  1850,  is  interesting  because  of  its  having  been 

found  near  the  location  of  the  first  trading  post  established  in 

that  county.     This  specimen  is  '&/*>"  long,  of  Siouan  type,  and 

shows  evidence  of  having  been  cast.     A  similar  example  in  the 


FIG.  26. 

Lead  Pipe. 

F.  M.  B.  Call's  Coll. 


Geo.  A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


75 


same  collection  from  Fond  du  Lac  county, 
was  found  by  William  Bush  in  1875,  arid 
is  ornamented  on  the  bottom  of  the  base 
by  nine  notches  crossing  at  right  angles, 
resembling  when  viewed  from  the  side, 
the  teeth  of  a  rip-saw.  An  encircling 

end  of  the 

of    dots 


ba.nd  at  the 
several  pairs 
holes. 


or 


stem    contains 
shallow    drill 


FIG.  27. 

Lead  Pipe. 

Author's  Coll. 


FIG.  28. 

Dead  Pipe. 

Logan  Coll.,  Beloit  College. 


The  Logan  collection  also  con- 
tains a  lead  pipe  6"  long,  of  pre- 
cisely the  same  shape  as  the  iron 
one  shown  in  figure  20,  but  with 
the  addition  of  the  characteristic 
lieel  plate  of  the  English  trade 
pipe,  its  bowl  cavity  is  small,  has 
a  perforation  through  one  side  of 
its  base,  probably  the  result  of 
over  heating  while  in.  use,  and  was 
evidently  cast  in  a  well  prepared  mold. 

All  of  these  lead  pipes  were  doubtless  cast  within  the  present 
limits  of  Wisconsin,  during  early  historic  times. 

In  the  Wisconsin  Historical  Society's  collection  at  Madison,  is 
a  cast  lead  pipe  of  the  Sioua,n  form,  unfortunately  without  data. 
An  urn-shaped  lead  pipe  with  merely  the  suggestion  of  a  stem, 
calculated  for  the  receiving  of  a  mouth  piece  of  wood  or  bone, 
was  found  near  Prairie  du  Chien,  and  another  of  lead,  with  stem 
at  right  angles  to  the  bowl,  the  front  of  the  bowl  being  carried 
down  straight,  was  found  near  Portage,  Wis. ;  both  reported  by 
Prof.  T.  H.  Lewis.  Pipes  of  lead  were  at  one  time  quite  common 
among  the  Indians  about  the  lead  regions  of  Southwestern  Wis- 
consin but,  because  of  their  easy  destruction,  few  are  to  be  found 
in  the  cabinets  of  collectors. 


CLAY  AND  POTTERY  TRADE  PIPES. 
\ 

The  weight  of  authority  seems  to  favor  the  belief  that'  pipes 
were  not  known  to  the  Europeans  previous  to  the  Discovery. 
As  to  the  date  of  the  first  manufacture  of  clay  pipes  in  England, 
Llewllynn  Jewitt  wrote:  "In  the  neighborhood  of  Bath  (Eng- 


76      WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  1 


land)  pipes  were  apparently  made  in  the  beginning  of  the  Seven- 
teenth century,  and  some  of  the  examples  bear  a  shield  with  a 
branch  of  the  tobacco  plant  (Ceramic  Art  in  G.  B.,  I,  p.  296,  New 
York  1878,  quoted  by  McGuire,  p.  453). 

During  the  seventeenth  century  the  P]nglish,  Dutch  and 
French  made  large  quantities  of  clay  pipes  which  the  whites 
used  in  trade  with  the  Indians,  a  few  of  which  have  been  found 
in  Wisconsin.  These  pipes  differ  in  size  and  ornamentation. 
Pipes  during  the  time  of  «iames  I,  were  made  with  a  small  bowl, 
probably  due  to  the  restrictive  laws,  and  the  then  popular  beliei' 
in  the  great  medicinal  virtues  of  tobacco,  causing  it  to  com- 
mand a  fabulous  price.  Styles  of  trade  marks,  symbols  and  or- 
namentation on  trade  pipes,  are  too  numerous  to  mention,  and 
these  with  small  variations,  constitute  the  main  differences  be- 
tween the  English,  French  and  Dutch  makes. 

Fig.  29,  from  the  Wind  Lake 
village  site,  Racine  county,  is  a 
common  form  of  moulded  Eng- 
lish trade  pipe,  made  of  white 
clay,  with  small  bowl  and  long 
stem  (now  broken).  A  similar 
pipe  from  London,  collected  bv 
E.  Lovett,  (Cat.  No.  129692; 
shown  by  McGuire,  p.  453),  is  in 
the  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum. 

Fig.  30,  from  a  mound  on  the  east  bank  of  Rock  river,  near 
Hustisford,  Wis.,  is  a  form  of  English  trade  pipe  of  white  clay, 
with  bowl  but  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  ornamented  on  the  front 
by  a  row  of  diminutive  tobacco  leaves,  in  relief. 


FIG.  29. 

English  Trade  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


FIG.  30. 

English  Trade  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


FTC.   31. 

Clay   Trade   Pipe. 
S.   D.   Mitchell's  Coll. 


Fig.  31,  from  Marquette  county,  is  of  pottery,  about  4"  long, 
sections  of  which  are  ornamented  in  red,  brown  and  black  fired 


Geo.  A.    West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


77 


FIG.    32. 

Glazed  Trade  Pipe. 
Mil.   Pub.   Mus.    Coll. 


in.     Scallops  around  the  top  of  the  bowl,  make  it  a  most  attrac- 
tive form  of  trade  pipe. 

Fig.  32,  plowed  up  in  Waukesha  county,  collected  by  the  late 
F.  S.  Perkins,  the  well-known  collector,  is  of  finely  glazed  brown 
pottery,  2"  high  and  1%"  in  diameter. 
Mr.  Perkins  contended  with  the  writer 
that  this  pipe  was  of  Indian  make, 
but  although  its  shape  is  not  that  of 
any  of  the  well-known  trade  pipes, 
its  perfect  glaze  would  seem  to  stamp 
it  as  of  white  man's  production. 

Fig.  33  is  a  trumpet-shaped  pot- 
tery pipe,  about  2"  high,  collected  by 
0.  Vierter  in  Southern  Wisconsin, 

which,  from  the  style  of  ornamentation 
and  quality  of  material,  can  probably  be 
classed  as  of  white  man's  make. 

Fig.  34  is  of  fine  grained  sandstone, 
has  the  characteristic  heel  and  appears  at 
a  glance  to  have  been  copied  after  the 
English  clay  trade  pipe.  A  similar  Wis-. 
cousin  specimen,  made  of  green  varigated 
steatite,  having  the  pointed  heel  of  the 
Dutch  make  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
is  shown  in  Lapham's  Antiq.  of  "Wis.,  p. 

Trade   Pottery   Pipe.          ~0 
Mil.   Pub.   Mus.    Coll.         3J< 

Fig.  35,  found  at  Kaukauna,  Outagamie  county,  in    1901,  is 
of  Wisconsin  catlinite.     It  is  an  inch  long,  bowl  half  an  inch 


FIG.    34. 
Trade  Form  Stone  Pipe. 


FIG. 
Catlinite  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


wide,  and  was  doubtless  copied  after  the  earliest  English  trade 
pipe  form.  The  work  on  this  specimen  is  purely  Indian,  but 
shows  white  man's  influence. 


78      WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


POTTEHY  PIPES. 

Comparatively  few  pipes  of  pottery  or  clay  have  been  found 
in  Wisconsin,  and  the  ceramic  art  of  its  aborigines  appears  to 
have  reached  a  higher  degree  of  development  in  pot-making 
than  in  that  of  pipes.  Specimens  found  in  this  geographical 
location  are  usually  either  rectangular  or  trumpet-shaped.  The 
latter  form  is  thought  by  some  to  have  been  adopted  after  the 
advent  of  the  whites,  as  its  shape  is  supposed  to  indicate  Europ- 
ean influence,  yet  this  type  may  be  the  older  of  the  two,  and  an 


Fio.    36. 
Iroquois   Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 

evolution  of  the  tube.  The  style  of  decoration  is  varied,  and 
incised  lines,  scallops  or  dots  seemed  to  have  satisfied  the  sav- 
age maker's  fancies.  A  few  examples  contain  a  slight  glaze,  but 
none  are  of  effigy  form.  The  tempering  material  of  crushed 
shell  or  sand  was  usually  used  to  prevent  cracking  in  firing. 
Pottery  vessels  and  pipes  found  in  certain  localities  in  this  state, 
are  tempered  exclusively  with  broken  shell,  while  in  other  parts 
not  far  distant,  and  where  shells  are  plentiful,  the  tempering  of 
these  artifacts  is  of  crushed  quartz  or  sand.  This  rule,  however, 


Geo.  A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


79 


does  not  apply  to  the  country  bordering  the  canoe  route  from 
Green  Bay  to  the  Mississippi  river.  An  examination  of  most 
of  the  pottery  pipes  known  to  have  been  found  in  Wisconsin, 
convinces  the  writer  that  many  of  them  are  exotics,  and  but  few 
pre-Columbian. 

Fig.  36,  a  fine,  trumpet-shaped  pottery  pipe,  from  Racine 
county,  is  5"  long,  3"  high,  of  brown  pottery  and  nicely  tempered 
with  sand.  This  well-known  type  is  common  to  the  Iroquois 
sites  of  the  state  of  New  York,  but  rare  in  Wisconsin,  this  being 
the  fourth  example,  so  far  as  the  writer  can  learn,  ever  found 
in  the  state.  There  is  reason  to  assume  that  both  specimens  were 
lost  by  the  warlike  Iroquois  of  the  St.  Lawrence  valley,  when 
they  invaded  this  country,  on  one  of  their 
forays  against  the  Algonkin  tribes.  This  ~ 
type  of  pipe  is  usually  broken  when  found, 
as  it  was  a  custom  of  the  Iroquois  to  break 
the  pipe  of  the  deceased  before  placing  it  in 
his  grave. 

Fig.  37,  a  very  interesting  pipe  from  Win- 
nebago  county,  is  trumpet-shaped,  of  brown 
pottery,  shell-tempered,  31/4"  high,  with  scal- 
loped flange  around  the  top  of  the  bowl,  and 
a  peculiar  handle  for  a  base,  formed  to  fit 
the  finger.  No  other  example  of  this  type  of 
pipe  is  known  to  have  been  found  in  Wis-  FlG-  37- 

K  .  Pottery  Pipe. 

II.  P.  Hamilton's  Coll. 

Fig.    38    is    a    type    of    Southern    mound 

pipe  taken  from  a  mound 
in  Pepin  county.  It  is 
well  tempered  with  shell, 
contains  eight  knobs  or 
coffee-bean  protuberances 
about  the  bowl,  and  the 
stem  is  ornamented  on 
one  side  by  a  zig-zag  line, 
probably  intended  to  rep- 
resent the  emblem  of  light- 
ning. This  pipe  is 

long,  and  the  only  one  of  its  kind  so  far  found  in  this  state. 
3 


FIG.    38. 

Black   Pottery  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


8?      WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


Fig  39,  from  Winnebago  county,  is  2i/2"  high,  of  black  pottery, 
tempered  with  very  coarse  shell,  sections  of  which  show  plainly 
'.n  the  cut.  This  specimen  inclines  to  the  trumpet  shape,  and 
was  moulded  into  form  with  the  fingers. 


PIG.  39. 

1  Trumpet-shaped  Pipe. 
II.  P.  Hamilton's  Coll. 


FIG.  40. 

Trumpet-shaped  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


Fig.  40,  from  Manitowoc  county,  is  of  dark  pottery,  3"  high, 
tempered  with  sand,  moulded  with  the  fingers,  and  is  highly 
ornamented  with  dots  and  figures.  Its  stem,  which  is  broken 
away,  was  doubtless  much  extended. 


Fig.  41  was  found  by  I\Ir. 
Bezar  Heed  of  Milford,  Oswego 
county,  New  York,  in  1835,  in 
whose  family  it  had  been  until 
acquired  for  the  author,  by  Mr. 
W.  H.  Elkey.  It  is  of  black  pot- 
tery, 4"  long,  with  an  a] ate  stem 
having  a  pronounced  ridge 
along  the  edge  on  each  side. 


FlCv.  41. 

Trumpet-shaped  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


u 


PLATE   II. 
Pottery  Pipes. 


G-eo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin.  81 


DESCRIPTION  OF  PLATE  II. 

In  author  ;s  collection :  A.  Jefferson  county,  a  trumpet- 
shaped  Iroquois  pipe  4"  long,  of  black  pottery,  tempered  with 
sand,  restored.  B.  Jefferson  county,  of  red  pottery  tempered 
with  sand,  and  bowl  ornamented  with  two  encircling  zig-zag 
lines.  C.  Marquette  county,  of  red  pottery,  tempered  with  shell, 
bowl  ornamented  with  lines  representing  lightning,  and  circles 
for  the  sun.  D.  Waupaca  county,  of  red  pottery,  tempered 
with  sand,  very  thick- walled  bowl  with  ornamented  edge  and 
encircling  zig-zag  lines,  E.  Marquette  county,  of  brown  pot- 
tery tempered  with  broken  quartz,  thick-walled  bowl  orna- 
mented with  figures  representing  the  sun  and  moon.  F.  Mar- 
quette county,  of  brown  glazed  pottery,  sand-tempered,  bowl 
ornamented  around  the  top  with  a  line  of  dots  and  three 
double  perpendicular  lines  of  dots  on  its  sides.  G.  Dane 
county,  mound  find,  dark  pottery,  tempered  with  quartz,  or- 
namented with  scolloped  rim  and  incised  figures.  H.  Jeffer- 
son county,  yellow  pottery,  shell- tempered.  I.  Calumet  county, 
of  black  pottery,  shell  tempered  and  rudely  moulded.  J.  Dane 
county,  mound  find,  black  pottery,  and  probably  no  temper- 
ing material  used.  "K.  Marquette  county,  mound  find,  of  black 
pottery,  shell  tempered,  bowl  ornamented  to  represent  a  section 
of  an  ear  of  corn,  each  kernel  being  well  defined.  L.  Marquette 
county,  of  black,  glazed  pottery  with  square  stem,  intended  for 
the  addition  of  a  mouthpiece,  and  decidedly  showing  white  man's 
influence.  M.  Ozaukee  county,  of  red  pottery,  unornamented, 
tempered  with  shell,  contains  a  large  quantity  of  pyrites  of 
iron  and  is  peculiar  in  having  a  basal  projection  in  front  of  the 
bowl.  N.  Crawford  county,  mound  find,  is  of  brown  pottery, 
4"  long,  and  sand  tempered.  0,  Marquette  county,  brown 
pottery,  sand-tempered,  ordinary  type.  P.  Marquette  county, 
red  pottery,  shell-tempered,  very  short  stem.  Q.  Marquette 
county,  brown  pottery,  sand-tempered,  ornamented  with  dots 
around  top  of  bowl. 

Mr.  C.  T.  Olen's  collection:  R.  Pottery  from  Winnebago 
county,  peculiar  in  having  a  keel.  S.  Kewaunee  county,  gravel- 
pit  find,  dark  pottery,  ornamented  bowl,  much  like  the  Iroquois 


82      WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 

pattern.  A  similar  pottery  pipe  found  in  the  same  gravel -pit, 
with  Mexican  opals,  is  in  the  same  collection. 

Milwaukee  Museum  collection:  T.  From  Marquette  county, 
is  a  fragment  showing  a  peculiar  style  of  ornamentation. 

Mr.  S.  D.  Mitchell's  collection:  U.  Marquette  county,  double 
conodial,  red  pottery,  stem  arid  bowl  each  2"  long.  Stem  and 
bowl  cavities  each  the  same  size. 

Mr.  Chas.  Wheffen's  collection:  V.  Calumet  county,  red 
pottery,  ornamented  with  incised  curved  lines  crossing  each  other. 

Mr.  F.  M.  CaJdwell's  collection:  W.  Marquette  county,  yel- 
low pottery,  with  scalloped  flange  around  the  top  of  bowl,  base 
ornamented  with  the  emblem  of  lightning. 

Mr.  F.  H.  Lynmn's  collection:  X.  Kenosha  county,  trumpet- 
shaped  3"  long  (now  in  author's  collection).  An  example  of  the 
same  type  from  Sheboygan  county,  but  poorly  fired,  is  in  the  A. 
and  J.  Gerend  collection. 

STONE  PIPES. 

Early  explorers  reported  the  general  use  of  stone  pipes  in 
America,  by  all  Indians,  both  savage  and  semi-civilized.  As  to 
variety,  Dodge  states:  "For  different  occasions  they  have  dif- 
ferent pipes;  thus  they  have  a  Peace-pipe,  a  Council-pipe,  a 
Medicine-pipe,  and  a  pipe  for  common  use.  Each  is  sacred  to 
its  own  purpose"  (Indians,  130). 

While  Wisconsin  is  not  as  rich  in  tube  pipes  as  is  the  south- 
western portion  of  America,  or  in  fine  effigy  pipes  as  is  Tennessee 
and  its  neighboring  states,  yet  interesting  examples  of  nearly  .all 
of  the  aboriginal  forms  in  stone  are  found  here  in  sufficient  num- 
bers to  indicate  that  the  pre-historic  inhabitants  were  inveterate 
smokers. 

The  tube  pipe,  believed  to  be  the  oldest  type,  is  often 
found  here  under  similar  conditions  and  in  the  same  mound  with 
the  effigy,  micmac,  disk,  urn-shaped  and  other  types;  the  first 
named,  as  a  rule,  showing  no  greater  evidence  of  age  than  the 
others. 

•  Many  of  the  tube  pipes  of  this  State  are  doubtless  old,  while  a 
number  of  them  seem  to  be  of  quite  recent  make.  All  considered, 
it  would  seem  that  while  there  are  indications  of  the  evolution  of 
tjie  tube  form  in  this  locality,  at  no  time  was  an  exclusive  type 


G-eo.  A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


used;  and  that  the  manufacture  and  use  of  the  older  types  as 
they  come  in  one  after  the  other,  was  continued  for  ages.  There 
seems  to  have  been  a  period  of  decadence  in  stone  pipe  making  in 
Wisconsin,  before  the  Discovery, — clay,  bone  and  horn  taking  the 
place  of  stone  to  a,  great  extent.  The  revival  of  stone  pipe-mak- 
ing came  through  the  whites,  steel  tools  making  the  shaping  and 
drilling  an  easy  matter,  as  compared  with  their  tedious  produc- 
tion with  stone  implements. 


SIOUAM  PIPES. 

CALUMETS. 

No  pipe  was  ever  regarded  by  the  American  aborigine  with 
greater  reverence  and  respect  than  the  calumet.  It  was  used  in 
the  ratification  of  treaties  and  alliances;  in  the  friendly  recep- 
tion of  strangers;  as  a  symbol  in  declaring  war  or  peace,  and 
afforded  its  bearer  safe  transport  among  savage  tribes.  Its  ac- 
ceptance sacredly  sealed  the  terms  of  peace,  and  its  refusal  was 
regarded  as  a  rejection  of  them. 

Calumets  made  of  steatite,  limestone,  sandstone,  and  granite, 
are  often  found,  but  a  large  majority  of  them  are  made  of  catlin- 
ite,  a  compact  clay  slate,  named  after  Mr.  Geo.  Catlin,  who  lived 
for  many  years  among  the  Indians,  and  to  whom  great  credit  is 
due  for  his  many  portraits  and  other  paintings  true  to  aboriginal 
life.  The  color  of  catlinite  is  usually  cherry  red,  often  mottled 
and  shading  into  ash,  grey  or  black.  This  material  was  quarried 
by  the  Indians  in  several  places  in  Minnesota,  Iowa,  South  Da- 
kota, Missouri  and  in  Barren  county,  Wisconsin.  Specimens  of 
''pipe  stone1'  are  sometimes  secured  from  the  glacial  drift. 
Pipes  of  catlinite  are  not  necessarily  of  modern  make.  Exam- 
ples have  been  found,  over  a  wide  area,  in  Indian  mounds  and 
graves.  In  1880  a  broken  pipe  of  this  material  was  found  by 
Ole  Rasmussen,  in  the  town  of  Farmington,  Waupaca  county, 
while  digging  a  well,  J8  or  20  feet  below  the  surface.  The  ma- 
terial has  been  known,  under  different  names,  ever  since  the 
Discovery. 

Catlin,  who  in  1835  visited  the  pipe-stone  quarries  of  Minne- 
sota, had  previously  found  catlinite  "in  the  hands  of  the  savages 


84     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 

of  every  tribe,  and  nearly  every  individual  in  the  tribe  lias  his 
pipe  made  of  it"  (North  American  Indians,  p.  36).  After  a 
visit  to  the  famous  quarries,  Catlin  concludes  as  follows :  ' '  From 
the  very  numerous  marks  of  ancient  and  modern  digging's  or  ex- 
cavations, it  would  appear  that  this  place  has  been  for  many  cen- 
turies resorted  to  for  the  red  stone ;  and  from  the  great  number 
of  graves  arid  remains  of  ancient  fortifications  in  its  vicinity,  it 
would  seem,  as  well  as  from  their  actual  traditions,  that  the  In- 
dians have  long  held  this  place  in  high  superstitious  estimation ; 
also  it  has  been  the  resort  of  different  tribes  who  have  made 
their  regular  pilgrimages  here  to  renew  their  pipes''  (North 
American  Indians,  p.  229;. 

The  highest  attainment  of  the  aboriginal  carver  ?s  art  found  ex- 
pression on  the  bowls  of  the  calumet  pipes  made  in  the  valley  of 
the  Ohio  and  St.  Lawrence  rivers.  Throughout  Wisconsin  and 
the  Mississippi  valley  the  stem  only  appears  to  have  been  re- 
garded with  veneration,  whilst  the  bowl,  as  a  rule,  was  a  matter 
of  indifference,  which  seems  remarkable,  as  most  ancient  Amer- 
ican pipes  had  no  detachable  mouth  piece. 

At  the  advent  of  the  whites  the  stems  of  the  calumets  were 
often  found  to  be  a  yard  long,  two  or  three  inches  wide,  worked 
down  to  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  profusely  orna- 
mented with  bands  of  finely  braided  colored  grasses,  porcupine 
quills  and  dyed  hair.  To  them  were  tied  feathers  and  even  the 
heads  of  ducks  and  other  birds.  These  materials  for  decoration 
were  gradually  supplanted  by  glass  beads  and  brass  headed 
tacks. 

Doubtless  the  calumet,  rectangular  in  form,  was  in  use  by  the 
Indians  at  the  time  of  the  Discovery.  As  to  the  use  of  this 
type  of  pipe  within  historic  times,  Roger  Williams,  in  his 
description  of  the  Indians  of  New  England  in  1643,  reported 
their  making  ' '  great  pipes  of  stone  and  wood. ' '  The  Jesuit  Re- 
lations, in  an  account  of  a  conference  between  the  New  England 
Nations  and  the  French,  refers  to  two  pipes  "made  of  green 
stone,  beautiful  and  highly  polished,  a  cubit  long."  La  Thoutan, 
in  his  account  of  a  conference  between  De  La  Bavre  and  the 
Onandagas,  1684,  mentions  a  ''pipe  of  peace."  Father  Henne- 
pin  said:  i;I  had  certainly  perished  in  my  voyage,  had  it  not 
been  for  the  Calumet  or  pipe"  (A  New  Discovery,  etc.,  chap. 
XXIV,  p.  93,  London,  1698).  Capt.  John  Smith  mentioned  a 


Geo.  A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


stone  pipe  of  heavy  effigy  form,  three-quarters  of  a  yard  long, 
in  1756  Sir  William  Johnson  presented  a  calumet  to  the  Six 
Nations.  In  early  French  records  there  is  an  abundance  of  evi- 
dence that  the  calumet  was  of  great  service  to  the  early  mission- 
aries, and  offered  protection  under  all  circumstances.  Later  the 
pipe  and  wampum  belt  were  conferred  together,  especially  by 
the  English,  who,  to  gain  additional  favors,  also  presented  large 
silver  medals.  In  describing  pipes  used  by  the  Omahas  in  the 
calumet  dance,  Mr.  J.  Owen  Dorsey  says  that  they  have  elabor- 
ately decorated  stems,  with  a  duck's  head  substituted  for  a  bowl 
(3  Eth.  Rpt,  p.  277). 

In  describing  the  pipe  of  Mah-to-toh-pa,  second  chief  of  the 
Mandans,  Catlin  says :  ' "  His  pipe  which  was  ingeniously  carved 
out  of  red  steatite  (pipe  stone)  the  stem  of  which  was  three  feet 
long  and  two  inches  wide,  from  the  stalk  of  the  young  ash ;  about 
half  its  length  was  wound  with  delicate  braids  of  porcupine 
quills,  so  ingeniously  wrought  as  to  represent  figures  of  men 
and  animals  upon  it.  It  was  also  ornamented  with  the>skins  and 
beaks  of  woodpeckers'  heads,  and  the  hair  of  the  white  buffalo's 
tail.  The  lower  half  of  the  stem  was  painted  red  and  on  its 
edge  it  bore  the  notches  he  had  recorded  for  the  snows  (or  years) 
of  his  life"  (North  Amer.  Indians,  p.  165). 

The  Indian  did  not  use  his  calumet  as  an  ordinary  pipe.  The 
report  of  the  capture  of  the  warlike  Winnebago  Chief  Red  Bird 
states:  "Across  the  breast,  in  a  diagonal  position,  and  bound 
tight  to  it,  was  his  war  pipe,  at  least  three  feet  long,  brightly 
ornamented  with  dyed  horse-hair  and  the  feathers  and  bills  of 
birds.  In  one  of  his  ha.nds  he  held  the  white  flag,  and  in  the 
other  the  Calumet  Pipe  of  Peace"  (Wis.  Hist.  Coll.  8,  p.  263). 

The  few  calumets,  in  effigy  form,  found  in  Wisconsin,  contrary 
to  the  style  of  those  found  in  the  East,  do  not  have  the  carving 
confined  to  the  bowl,  the  whole  top  of  the  base  being  often  util- 
ized for  ornamentation.  Most  of  our  Northwestern  calumets 
have  tall  bowls  at  right  angles  to  the  stem.  The  pipe  usually 
has  on  the  top  of  its  stem  and  extending  along  it,  an  alate  projec- 
tion ornamented  with  perforations,  dots  or  tally  marks.  The 
manner  in  which  the  tally  marks  are  sometimes  crowded  in 
would  indicate  that  they  were  added  to  from  time  to  time, 
doubtless  as  a  record  of  events  in  which  the  pipe  played  an 
important  part. 


88      WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


It 


Geo.  A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin.  87 

As  to  the  manner  of  passing  the  Calumet  by  the  Sioux :  "You 
never  see  a  Sioux  Indian,  if  he  is  in  company,  smoke  alone. 
The  pipe  is  lighted  and  he  takes  a  whiff  or  two  himself,  and 
passes  it  to  his  neighbor,  always  passing  it  around  with  the  sun. 
"When  several  are  assembled  together,  you  will  see  a  number  of 
pipes  going  the  rounds  in  the  same  manner"  (Wis.  Hist.  Coll., 
Vol.  2,  p.  88). 

Fig.  42  was  found  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  R.  Reynolds,  Sect.  4,  Mt. 
Pleasant,  .Racine  county,  in  1849,  and  was  in  the  collection  of  the 
late  Dr.  P.  R.  Hoy  until  his  death.  This  fine  specimen  is  7" 
long,  made  of  drab  sandstone,  and  with  an  alate  projection  con- 
taining several  tally  marks,  on  the  top  of  its  base.  Its  base  was 
at  one  time  broken  and  later  repaired  by  cutting  deep  retaining 
grooves,  filling  them  with  melted  lead,  and  smoothing  it  down 
oven  with  the  surface  of  the  stone.  This  specimen  is  of  special 
interest  because  of  it's  unusual  size,  and  particularly  for  the  rea- 
son that  it  was  found  in  the  vicinity  of  the  first  trading  post  in 
Racine  county,  established  about  the  year  1832,  by  Jaques 
Jambeau. 


FIG.  43. 
Calumet  Pipe,  Logan  Coll.,  Beloit  College. 

Fig.  43,  from  Racine  county,  is  of  dark  steatite,  and  was  also 
collected  by  Dr.  Hoy.  The  fore  end  of  this  pipe  is  carved 
to  represent  the  head  of  a  duck  or  snake.  It  was  doubtless  used 
as  a  ceremonial  calumet. 


8S     WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


DESCRIPTION  OF  PLATE  III. 

In  author's  collection:  A.  From  Waushara  county,  of  blue 
limestone,  33/2"  long,  bowl  broken  away,  has  the  appearance  of 
great  age,  its  wing  projection  extends  the  whole  length  of  the 
stem,  and  is  ornamented  with  30  tally  marks  on  one  side  and 
27  on  the  other.  B.  From  Chippewa  county,  of  drab  steatite, 
-i"  long  and  2-34"  high,  unpolished,  with  unornamented  wing, 
stem  octagonal  in  shape,  with  projection  in  front  of  bowl.  0. 
From  Door  county,  of  oatlinite,  4"  long  by  1%",  octagonal  bowl, 
rounded  stem,  with  flattened  base,  and  projection  in  front  of 
bowl.  The  alate  projection  has  7  perforations.  The  stem  and 
bowl  holes  are  each  half-  an-inch  in  diameter.  This  pipe  was 
found  in  a  mound  at  lied  Banks  in  1875,  was  traced  by  the 
author  to  Quebec,  Canada,  and  purchased  of  Dr.  W.  H.  Mc- 
Gowan.  D.  From  Winnebago  county,  of  catlinite,  6"  by  2%," 
beautifully  polished.  Top  and  bottom  of  stem  are  flattened 
sides  rounded,  bowl  round,  end  of  stem  and  top  of  bowl  orna- 
mented with  several  ring's  in  relief.  E.  From  Adams  county, 
of  catlinite,  5"  by  294,"  bowl  and  stem  round  with  flattened 
base,  top  of  bowl  and  end  of  stem  ornamented  with  several  rings 
in  relief,  and  line  of  dots  around  bowl.  F.  From  Adams 
county,  of  catlinite,  ty'z  by  2%,"  bowl  carved  to  represent  the 
head  of  some  animal.  A  comb-shaped  projection  extends  from 
the  outside  of  the  bowl  beneath  the  stem  for  the  greater  part  of 
its  length.  What  is  almost  a  duplicate  of  this  specimen  is  in  the 
collection  of  Mr.  S.  D.  Mitchell,  Ripon,  Wis. ;  and  a  similar  one 
is  in  the  Logan  collection  at  Beloit  College.  G.  From  Crawford 
county,  of  catlinite,  6"  by  21/2,"  being  an  interesting  modifi- 
cation of  the  characteristic  Siouan  type.  This  specimen  shows 
no  indications  of  mode  111  manufacture. 

Milwaukee  Museum  collection:  H.  Of  catlinite,  4%"  by 
31/2,"  marked  ''Wisconsin."  This  pipe  has  a  scalloped  keel 
reaching  from  the  top  of  the  bowl  to  within  half  an  inch  of 
the  end  of  the  stem.  Each  scallop  is  perforated. 

Many  fine  examples  of  the  calumet,  some  of  which  were  ob- 
tained by  early  settlers  from  noted  chiefs,  are  in  the  cabinets  of 
Wisconsin  collectors.  Each  of  these  belong  to  some  one  of  the 
types  shown  in  Plate  III. 


PLATE   III. 
Siouan  Calumet  Pipes. 


Geo.  A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


LEADED  SIOUAN  PIPES. 

Lead  was  frequently  ingeniously  used  by  the  Sioux  as  well  as 
other  Wisconsin  Indians,  in  mending  broken  calumets,  orna- 
menting new  pipes,  and  in  binding  together  two  sections  of  a 
pipe  made  from  several  pieces  of  stone. 

Fig.  44  is  51/2"  long, 
of  jet  black  chlorite, 
showing  much  use,  and 
is  interesting  ias  -illus- 
trating the  artistic 
manner  in  which  its 
broken  stem  was  re-. 
paired.  This  pipe  was 
purchased  by  Mr.  J.  C. 
Barton,  Chief  Engi- 
neer of  the  Midland 
Pacific  Railway,  from 
Chief  Talking-Crow, 

who  carried  it  through  the  Minnesota  Massacre,  and  whose  band 
robbed  the  first  printing  orfice  in  South  Dakota,  at  Sioux  Falls, 
using  some  of  the  stolen  type  to  repair  this  specimen. 

Fig.  45,  found  by  Mr.  T.  W.  Hamil- 
ton, near  Berlin,  Green  Lake  county, 
is  of  catiinite,  and  shows  a  section  of 
a  broken  calumet,  ready  to  receive  the 
molten  lead,  in  process  of  its  repair- 
ing. After  cooling,  it  was  a  simple 
matter  to  smooth  off  the  lead  flush 
with  the  surface  of  the  pipe,  and  the 
splice  would  be  complete. 

Fig.  46,  from  Sheboygan  county, 
found  by  Joseph  Kraemer,  on  his 


FIG.  44. 
Mended  Calumet,   Author's  Coll. 


FIG.  45. 
Author's  Coll. 


farm  near  Elkhart  Lake,  is  of  catiin- 
ite,. and  shows  a  section  of  a  pipe  with 
a  joint  ground  perfectly  smooth,  and 
evidently  intended  to  be  joined  to  a 
bowl,  made  of  a  separate  piece  of 
stone. 


FIG.  46. 
Author's  Coll. 


&o    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


FIG.  47. 
Lead  &  Stone  Calumet,   Author's   Coll. 


Fig.  47,  a  fine 
piece  of  Siouan  work 
in  lead  and  stone,  is 
of  dark  red  catlinite, 
6"  long,  with  round 
bowl  and  stem.  Near 
the  top  of  the  bowl 
are  three  rings,  in  re- 
lief. The  stem  is 
highly  ornamented 
with  inlaid  lead, 
neatly  smoothed 
down  and  filling  the 
grooves  so  completely 

that  the  joints  are  absolutely  tight.     The  lead  was  used  purely 

for  ornamentation,  there  being  no  crack  or  break  in  the  stone 

requiring  repair. 

Fig.  48,  collected  by  the  late  F. 

S.  Perkins,  is  of  steatite,  the  top  of 

the   bowl   has  been   cut  away   and 

lead  supplied.       This  is  a  common 

manner  of  ornamenting  stone  pipes 

with  lead.     It,    is  not    unusual  to 

find  Siouan  pipes   inlaid  with   the 

figures    of    animals    or    birds    in 

lead,  the  variety  of  ornamentation 

being  very  great.       When  shallow 

drill  holes  were  filled  with  lead  it 

was  sometimes  done  by  the  pounding  process,  but  as  a  rule  the 

metal  was  melted  and  poured  into  the  prepared  grooves.     Lead 

was  either  obtained  from  the  mines  in  South-western  Wisconsin, 

or  in  bars  from  the  whites. 

Orders  for  goods  for  the  early-day  Indian  trade  usually  con- 
tained a  request  for  bars  of  lead. 


FIG.  48. 

Lead  &  Stone  Pipe. 
Mil.  Pub.  Mus.  Coll. 


DIMINUTIVE  SIOUAN  PIPES. 

Pipes  of  this  type  are  smaller  in  size,  but  resemble  the  Siouan 
calumet  in  shape,  ornamentation,  and  in  being  made  for  the  re- 
ception of  a  stem.  Regardless  of  their  size,  a  large  number  of 
these  pipes  may  have  been  used  as  calumets. 


PLATE  IV. 
Diminutive  Siouan  Pipes. 


Geo.  A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


The  Siouan  form  of  pipe  may  well  be  regarded  as  an  old  type. 
A  large  number  of  Wisconsin  finds  are  plain,  unornamented,  and 
show  no  evidence  of  the  use  of  modern  tools  in  their  manufacture. 
More  recent  examples  are  often  most  elaborately  carved,  or  have 
their  surfaces  inlaid  with  neat  figures  cut  into  the  stone  and 
tilled  with  lead. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  PLATE  IV. 

In  the  author's  collection:  A.  From  Jefferson  county,  of 
catlinite,  3-^"  long,  highly  ornamented  with  emblems  of  the 
moon,  and  lightning  deeply  etched  into  the  surface,  and  nearly 
obliterated  by  use.  B.  From  Portage  county,  of  catlinite,  sur- 
face find,  l^o"  long  by  2"  high.  C.  t  From  Marquette  county, 
from  a  grave,  of  catlinite  2%"  long  ornamented  by  comb  on 
top  of  stem.  D.  From  Green  Lake  county,  of  catlinite,  and  in- 
teresting in  having  a  perpendicular  slot  at  outside  of  end  of  base, 
for  the  reception  of  an  ornament  of  bone  or  other  material.  E. 
From  Grant  county,  from  a  mound,  of  catlinite,  2"  long.  F. 
From  Marquette  county,  of  catlinite,  surface  find.  The  front 
of  the  bowl  is  peculiar  in  being  sharp,  almost  a  cutting  edge. 
II.  From  Iowa  county,  of  catlinite,  surface  find,  2"  long  and 
equally  as  high.  I.  From  Iowa  county,  of  catlinite  21/o" 
long,  ornamented  with  a  number  of  rings;  surface  find.  J. 
From  Crawford  county,  of  catlinite,  2y2"  long,  surface  find, 
ornamented  with  perforated  comb  on  the  top  of  the  stem.  K. 
From  Marquette  county,  of  cat-Unite,  2^"  long,  surface  find, 
ornamented  with  perforated  wing  on  the  top  of  stem.  L.  From 
Marquette  county,  from  a  mound,  of  catlinite,  l1/^"  high. 
This  pipe  is  simply  roughed  out  by  chipping  and  scraping,  the 
drilling  being  but  partly  finished.  It  exhibits  no  marks  of  metal 
tools.  0.  From  Washington  county,  from  a  mound,  of  steatite. 
2%"  long,  probably  of  great  antiquity.  The  wall  of  its  bowl  is 
worn  down  to  about  1/16  of  an  inch  in  thickness.  P.  From 
Waukesha  county,  from  a  mound,  of  catlinite.  It  is  an  unfin- 
ished specimen,  simply  roughed  out,  partly  drilled  and  inter- 
esting in  showing  the  process  of  its  manufacture.  Q.  From 
Green  Lake  county,  of  steatite,  3%"  long,  rounded  base,  monitor 
type,  very  old  in  appearance  and  showing  much  use. 

Mr.  C.  T.  Olen's  collection:  G.  From  Winnebago  county,  of 
steatite,  41/3"  long  and  ornamented  with  perforated  comb  on 


92      WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  4,  Nos.  '6  and  4 

the  top  of  the  stem.  Figured  in  Laphanrs  Antiquities  of  Wis- 
consin, p.  83:  M.  Marked  "Wisconsin/'  is  of  fine  grained 
sandstone. 

Mr.  E.  E.  Bailey's  collection:     N.     Of  catlinite,  from  Brown 
county,  surface  find,  and  finely  ornamented. 

Mr.  August  Bartle's  collection  (now  in  the  author's  cabinet)  : 
R.     From  Sheboygan  county,  of  steatite,  surface  find. 

Mr.  F.  J.  B.   Duchateau's  collection:     Unlettered  specimen, 
from  Brown  county,  is  of  drab  steatite,  surface  find. 

Fig.  49,  found  near  Beaver 
Dam,  Dodge  county,  of  drab 
steatite,  is  2-V>"  long,  and  finely 
polished.  The  striations,  quite 
prominent  in  the  bowl  cavity, 
indicate  the  use  of  stone  drills 
in  its  excavation.  The  stem 
hole  is  less  than  an  eighth  of  an 
inch  in  diameter. 

d^litate  °f  Fig-   49> 


Pipe. 
A.  J.  Holmes  Coil.  Jeir'erson  county,  is  in  the  cab- 

inet of  Mr.  Louis  Tester,  and  a 

third  example  from  Marquette  county,  of  light  grey  chlorite,  is 
in  the  authors  's  collection.  The  last  described  shows  no  evi- 
dence of  the  use  of  metal  tools  in  its  manufacture,  yet  its  shape 
and  finish  suggest  European  influence. 


MICMAC    PIPES. 

This  type  of  pipe  usually  has  an  inverted  acorn-shaped  bowl 
attached  to  a  base  by  a  narrow  neck  or  separated  from  it  by  a 
deep  encircling  groove.  The  base  is  either  cylindrical,  round, 
square  or  keel-shaped  in  form,  often  terraced  and  subject  to 
many  modifications.  It  frequently  contains  one  or  more  perfor- 
ations to  which  were  probably  attached  ornaments,  or  strings  to 
prevent  its  loss  in  the  snow,  leaves  or  grass.  In  some  specimens 
there  is  no  suggestion  of  a  stem  while  in  others  one  end  of  the 
base  is  extended  to  a  considerable  length,  allowing  for  the  firm 
attachment  of  a  mouthpiece. 

Authorities  seem  to  agree  that  the  micmac  type  of  pipe  is  of 
no  great  age,  but  several  specimens  found  in  Wisconsin,  especially 


Geo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


those  with  the  unperforated  base,  have  the  appearance  of  be- 
ing very  old,  and  certainly  exhibit  no  evidence  of  metal  tools 
having  been  used  in  their  manufacture.  There  is  little  doubt 
but  that  this  type  was  in  use  for  some  time  previous  to  the  Dis- 
covery and  until  a  recent  date.  The  variety  with  the  perforated 
keel  is  still  smoked  in  Labrador  and  the  Hudson  Bay  country. 
Specimens  of  the  micmac  type  of  pipe  are  found  as  far  south  as 
Georgia  and  from  the  ^Atlantic  Ocean  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

The  Micmac  tribe  of  Indians,  during  historic  times  at  least, 
have  occupied  Nova  Scotia,  Cape  Breton,  Prince  Edward  Island, 
the  north  of  New  Brunswick  and  adjacent  parts  of  Quebec,  also 
ranging  over  Newfoundland,  This  interesting  type  of  pipe  is 
said  to  have  been  named  after  these  Indians,  with  whom  it  was 
in  general  use  at  the  time  of  the  advent  of  the  whites.  Sixty- 
six  micmac  pipes,  known  to  have  been  found  in  Wisconsin,  have 
been  sketched  by  the  author.  The  Micmacs  are  not  known  to 
have  occupied  any  Wisconsin  territory  but  they  belonged  to  the 
erreat  Alg'onkin  family,  many  tribes  of  which  made  their  home 
here.  The  general  distribution  of  the  micmac  pipe  can  be  ac- 
counted for  by  barter  and  trade  and  from  the  fact  that  any 
convenient  pipe  form,  \vhen  once  seen,  would  be  copied  after. 

The  oldest  form  of  micmac  pipe  has  an  unperforated  rounded 
base,  narrowest  at  the  bottom  and  extending  but  a  short  dis- 
tance on  each  side  of  the  bowl.  The  encircling  groove  at  the 
lower  part  of  the  bowl  was  probably  used  for  the  attachment  of 
a  cord  leading  to  a  detachable  stem,  thus  holding  it  in  place 
and  preventing  the  loss  of  the  bowl. 

Fig.  50,  from  Brown  county,  is  of  com- 
pact blue  lime-stone,  21/2"  high,  with  a 
rounded,  unperforated  base,  cone-shaped 
bowl  and  stem-hole,  and,  as  is  the  case  in 
most  of  the  older  types,  the  point  of  con- 
tact of  the  holes  is  exactly  at  the  apex  of 
the  cone  or  conical  hollow  of  each  opening. 
This  pipe  is  much  weathered,  shows  no 
metal  tool  marks,  and  has  every  indication 
of  great  age.  An  exact  duplicate  of  this 

specimen   (A)   in  the    author's    cabinet,    is  FlG-  5* 

(>  ,-*  -,       -,  .  T,  i  r>     Unperforated  Micmac 

from  Columbia  county.     Two    examples   of  p{pe 

this  form  in  the  same  collection,  (B  and  C)         Author's  coil. 


94      WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


PIG.  51. 

Unperforated  Micmac 
Pipe. 


with  cylindrical  bases,    are  from    Sheboygan    and  Green   Lake 

counties,  respectively.     A  pipe  of  the  same  variety  in  the  Wis. 

Historical  Society's  collection  (D;  and  a  duplicate  of  B,  in  Mr. 

J.  P.  Slight's  cabinet,    from  Dodge    county,    have    cylindrical 

bases. 

Fig.  51  was  taken  from  a  mound  on  an 
island  in  Kest  Lake,  Vilas  county,  by  Mr. 
.1.  G.  Albright,  Mr.  H.  F.  Jahn  and  Dr. 
H.  E.  Fox,  in  1902.  This  specimen, 
which  is  on  deposit  with  the  author,  is  of 
limestone,  2%"  high,  badly  weathered, 
and  stained  with  iron  rust;  its  bowl  is 
ornamented  with  six  perpendicular  raws 
of  deep  depressions  and  is  remarkable  in 
having  a  perpendicular  hole  extending 
from  the  bottom  of  its  base  to  the  stem- 
hole,  and  probably  intended  to  receive  a 
plug  or  handle.  This  theory  is  substan- 
tiated by  the  fact  that  this  hole  was 
drilled  from  the  outside,  and  that  on  the 

sides  of  the  base  are  notches  to  allow  the  passing  of  a  cord  from 

the  neck  of  the  bowl  around  the  wedge-shaped  base,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  holding  the  plug  or  handle  in  place. 

An  example  (E)  in  Mr.  F.  M.  B,  Coil's  collection,  from  Wau- 

paca  county,  is  similar  in  shape  to  the  one  shown  at  Fig.  51,  but 

with   a  more  pronounced    wedge-shaped    base, 

ornamented  by  a  number  of  depressions  made 

with  a  stone  drill.     A  specimen    (F)    in    Mr. 

IT.  G.  Sehuette's    collection,    from  Mauitowoe 

county;  one    (G)    in    author's  cabinet,    from 

same  county,  and  a  third   (H)    in  the    same 

collection  from  Waupaca  county,  have  wedge- 
shaped  bases. 

Fig.  52,  from  Jefferson  Bounty,  is  of  yellow 

limestone,    3"  high,    having    a  terraced    base 

ornamented  by  incised    lines    and    scalloped 

keel.     This  specimen  is  probably  of  no  great 

age,  but  illustrates  a  stage  of  development  in 

the  unperforated  base  type.  Author's  coil. 


tZJ 


PLATE    V. 
Unperforated  Micmac  Pipes,  Rounded  Base. 


PLATE    VI. 
Unperforated  Micmac  Pipes,  Wedge-Shaped  Base. 


PLATE    VII. 
Terraced-base  Miemac  Pipes. 


PLATE   VIII. 
Stemmed  Micmac  Pipes. 


PLATE    IX. 
Stemmed  Micmac  Pipes. 


Geo.  A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


9,1 


In  Mr.  II.  P.  Hamilton's  collection:  (I)  from  Marquette 
county,  is  of  black  chlorite,  otherwise  almost  a  duplicate  of  the 
Jast  described.  A  very  similar  specimen  ( J)  in  the  Wis.  Histori- 
cal Society's  collection  labeled  "Wisconsin/'  is  of  drab  lime- 
stone. In  the  same  collection  is  a  fine  specimen  (K)  of  pink 
sandstone.  One  in  the  author's  cabinet  (L)  of  red  catlinite, 
irom  Iowa  county,  has  a  similar  form  of  terraced  base. 

Fig.  53,  from  Dodge  county,  is  of  com- 
pact limestone,  2%"  high,  with  plain  base 
extended  about  an  inch  on  one  side,  form- 
ing a  stem  to  be  used  with  the  addition 
of  a  mouthpiece.  This  appears  to  be  a 
modification  of  the  unperfora.ted  base 
form,  and  an  example  of  what  might 
properly  be  called  the  stemmed  micmac 
pipe. 

A  similar  specimen  (M)  in  the  author's 
collection,  from  Outagamie  county,  is  of 
limestone  with  the  base  ornamented 
with  incised  lines.  A  nmch  weathered 
and  interesting  pipe  of  this  type  (Nj  in 
Mr.  H.  P.  Hamilton's  cabinet,  from  the 
same  county  as  Figure  M.,  has  a  stem  3%"  long, 
shows  considerable  age. 

A  fine  example  (0).  a  trill e  smaller,  in  the  same  collection, 
from  Brown  county,  is  of  Wisconsin  catlinite.  One  of  these 
pipes  (P)  from  Jefferson  county,  of  sandstone,  is  illustrated  in 
Lapham's  "Antiquities  of  "Wisconsin" 
(Fig.  83).  All  of  the  stemmed  micmac 
pipes  above  described,  Jiave  bases  that  are 
square  in  section,  but  narrowest  at  the  bot- 
tom. Each  of  the  two  examples  in  the 
author's  cabinet  have  cylindrical  bases. 

Fig.  54,  from  Brown  county,  is  of  black 
chlorite,  2yV'  high,  and  illustrates  the  devel- 
opment of  the  stemmed  micmac  pipe.  It  is 
carved  to  represent  the  head  of  a  raven  or 
crow,  facing  the  smoker.  The  keel  is  un- 
perf orated,  and  close  examination  reveals 
marks  possibly  made  by  metal  tools.  This. 


PIG.  53. 
Stemmed  Micmac 

Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


This  specimen 


FIG.  54. 
Stemmed  Micmac 

Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


96      WISCONSIN  ARCHEOIX)GIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


rare  pipe  was  owned  for  many  years  by  Mr.  Augustin  Grignon 
an  early  settler  of  Green  Bay,  and  prominent  in  early  Wisconsin 
history,  was  later  in  the  cabinet  of  Dr.  II.  B.  Tanner  of  Kau- 
kauna  for  20  years  or  more,  and  was  finally  secured  for  the  au- 
thor by  the  well-known  collector,  Mr.  W.  H.  Elkey  of  Milwaukee. 
The  micmac  pipe  in  its  highest  development  is  frequently  em- 
bellished by  finely  carved  figures  representing  bird  or  beast,  its 
distinguishing  characteristic  being  the  perforated  base  or  keel. 
Metal  tool  marks  are  usually  in  evidence,  which  tend  to  substan- 
tiate the  theory  that  it  is,  as  a  class,  of  no  great  age. 

Mr.  Lucian  M.  Turner  states  that  the  Hudson  Bay  Esquimo 
still  use  these  pipes  (llth.  Eth.  Kept,  p.  330).  As  to  the  ob- 
ject of  the  keel  perforation:  ''A  hole  is  drilled  through  its  base 
or  keel  that  a  cord  may  be  inserted  and  tied  to 
the  stern  that  the  pipe  may  not  be  lost  in  the 
snow. ' ' 

Fig.  55,  taken  from  a  mound  in  Buffalo 
county,  is  of  dark  compact  sandstone,  21/2" 
high,  with  a  cone-shaped  bowl  and  stem-holes; 
the  former  having  been  enlarged  by  the  use  of 
a  gouge.  The  surface  of  this  pipe  shows  it  to 
have  been  pecked  or  hammered  into  shape. 

In  the  same  collection  as  the  last  described, 
is  one  from  Jefferson  county,  (Q)  of  limestone, 
of  the  same  height  but  more  graceful  in  shape. 
This  form  is  quite  common  in  Wisconsin.  One 
in  the  same  cabinet  (It)  also  from  Jefferson 
county,  is  of  sandstone,  with  cylindrical  base 
and  perforated  keel.  A  similar  pipe  (S)  with 
a  square  base  and  perforated  keel  is  in  the 
Milwaukee  Museum.  A  beautiful  specimen  in 
the  author's  collection  (T)  of  black  chlorite, 
from  Minnesota,  is  5"high  with  4  perforations 
in  its  base. 

Fig.  56,  from  Door  county,  is  of  limestone, 
2"  high,  carved  to  represent  the  head  of  a 
bird,  and  is  a  fine  example  of  the  developed 
perforated  keel  micmac  pipe. 

Fig.  57,  found  by  Mr.  Frank  Lee  at  Lee's 
Point,  on  bank  of  Lake  Koshkonong,  Jefferson  Author's  coii. 


PIG.  55. 

Perforated  Base 
Micmac  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


oooo 


PLATE   X. 
Perforated-base  Micmac  Pipes. 


PLATE  XL 
Interesting  Forms  of  Micmac  Pipes. 


Goo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin.  97 

county,  is  lL/2"  high?  of  green  steatite  finely  polished. 
A  deep  groove  encircles  the  bowl  just  above  its  stem- 
hole.  The  ornamentation  consists  of  lines  and  dots. 
The  base  is  carved  to  represent  the  head  of  some 
animal,  probably  that  of  a  turtle. 

The  following  are  a  few  interesting1  "Wisconsin 
specimens : 

(1)  In  author's  collection,  from  Milwaukee 
county,  is  of  limestone,  2"  high,  finely  polished. 
(2)  In  same  cabinet,  from  Door  county,  is  of  com- 
pact limestone  and  interesting  because  of  its  hav- 

Micmac  Bird 

ing  been  made    from  the  base   or  a  broken  micmac        pipe. 
pipe.     It  plainly  shows  evidences  of  having    been  Author's  coil, 
sawed  from  the  original  bowl,  thus  illustrating  In- 
dian economy.      (3)   In  Mr.  H.  G.  Schuette's    collection,    from 
Manitowoc  county,  ornamented  with  lead  inlaid  about  the  stem- 
hole.     Several  depressions  in  the  base  are  filled  with  this  metal. 

(4)  In  Mr.   Horace  McElroy's   cabinet,   from   Monroe  county. 

(5)  In  the  Wis.  Historical   Society's  collection,  marked  "Wis- 
consin," made  of  black  slaty  rock,  inlaid  with  lead,  very  mod- 
ern.    (6)   In  Mr.   H.    P.   Hamilton's  cabinet,   from  Manitowoc 
county,  of  brownish  diabase.     (1)  In  the  author's  cabinet,  from 
Green  Lake  county,  of  grey  sandstone,  21/2"  high.     (8)   In  the 
same  collection,  from  Racine  county,  is  of  catlinite,  and  shows 
much  use.     This  pipe  can  hardly  be  classed  as  a  micmac.     It 
is  peculiar  in  having  a  deep  groove  encircling  the  stem  instead  of 
the  bowl,  and  by  means  of  which  a  detachable  mouthpiece  could 
be  made  fast'  to  the  bowl,  by  the  use  of  a  cord  of  sinew,  rawhide 
or  other  suitable  material. 


PORTRAIT    PIPES. 

The  mounds,  graves,  and  village  sites  of  Wisconsin  have 
yielded  more  examples  of  stone  pipes  with  carved  human  heads 
than  of  any  other  form  of  effigy  pipe.  Some  writers  brand  all 
portrait  pipes  as  modern,  which  is  doubtless  true  of  a  large  num- 
ber, but  several  Wisconsin  finds  have  all  the  characteristics  of 
the  old  forms,  and  were  apparently  made  with  primitive  tools. 


98      WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 

Fig.  58  was  dug  from  a  grave  at  East  Jacksonport.  Dour 
county,  over  which  was  an  old  pine  stump  30"  in  diameter,  by 
Mr.  L.  K.  Erskine,  from  whom  it  was  secured  by  Mr.  W.  II. 
Elkey,  for  the  author.  This  pipe  is  of  compact  flinty  limestone, 


FIG.  58. 
Portrait  Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 

and  most  skillfully  carved  into  a  resemblance  of  the  head  and 
face  of  a  frowning  Indian.  Both  bowl  and  stem  excavations  are 
conical  in  shape,  and  were  evidently  made  with  stone  drills. 

Fig.  59  is  of  dark  sandstone,  10"  long,  with  a  portion 
of  its  bowl  broken  away.  This  remarkable  pipe  was  found  many 
years  ago  near  Fort  Atkinson,  Jefferson  county,  and  is  now  in  a 
private  collection  in  the  State  of  New  Hampshire.  It  is  a  cal- 
umet but  not  of  the  Siouan  type.  The  writer  is  informed  that 
this  specimen  is  unpolished,  has  the  appearance  of  great  age, 
contains  no  metal  tool  marks,  and  shows  much  use. 


FIG.  59. 
Portrait  Pipe. 


100    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST, 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


PIG.  60. 
Portrait  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


Fig.  60,  found  by  Mr.  John  Davis,  on  an 
old  Chi.ppe.wa  Indian  village  site,  sect.  25, 
bank  of  Tank  lake,  Iron  county,  is  2''  long, 
equally  as  high,  and  shows  the  marks  of 
metal  tools  used  in  its  manufacture. 

Fig.  61,  from  Juneau  county  was  found 
on  section  1,  by  Mr.  A.  G.  Goffko,  and  is 
of  compact  sandstone,  roughly  made,  2" 
long  by  1%"  high,  with  irregularly  shaped 
bowl  and  stem-holes  showing  evidence  of 


FIG.  61. 
Portrait  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


having  been  enlarged  by  the  goug- 
ing process.    This  specimen  is  of  ex- 
tremely  rude  workmanship,    but  of    ^ 
no  great  age. 

Fig.  62,  from  Kenosha  county, 
was  found  by  Mr.  A.  B.  Jackson,  5 
feet  below  the  surface,  while  dig- 
ging a  cellar  in  1853,  on  section 
12,  town  of  Salem.  It  is  a  fine 
specimen  of  aboriginal  art,  and  is  of 
steatite,  21/2"  long,  by  2"  high. 
Fig.  63,  from  Sheboygan  county, 

is  of  flinty,  limestone,  2:)4"  high*  with 
face  rudely  carved,  facing  the  smoker. 
The  writer  has  had  no  opportunity  of 
examining  this  specimen. 

Fig.  64,  from  the  south  shore  of  Lake 
Superior,  is  of  black  slate 
21/2"  long,  with  a  rude  face 
carved  on  the  end  facing 
away  from  the  smoker. 
The  sketch  of  this  pipe  is 
after  one  furnished  by 
Ghas.  E.  Brown,  Secretary 

and  Curator  of  the  Wisconsin  Archeological  Soci- 
ety. 

Fig.  65,  from  Winnebago  county,  is  of  compact 
grey  limestone,  bowl  2y2"  high,  fitted  with  an  old 
bone  stem  3%"  long,  and  so  made  that  a  half  turn 
is  necessary  before  it  can  be  withdrawn  from  the  Coil. 


PIG.  62. 

Portrait  Pipe. 

Mil.  Pub.  Mus.  Coll. 

Coll.  by  P.   S.  Perkins. 


Geo.  A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


101 


FIG.  64. 

Portrait  Pipe. 

W.  W.  Radley's  Coll. 


stem-hole.  This 
specimen  was  found 
with  a  gravel-pit 
burial,  together 
with  25  Mexican, 
opals ;  and  several 
other  artifacts. 

Fig.  66  is  of  cat- 
linite,  4"  long,  2V2" 


PIG.  65. 

Portrait  Pipe. 

C.  T.  Olen's  Coll. 


high,    was    obtained 
from  an  Ojibwa  In- 
dian, in  Chippewa  county,  in  the  year  1872,  by  a  French  trap- 
per, \vho  presented    it  to    Mr. 
T.  D.  Brown.     It  has  been  in 
the  Brown  family  ever  since. 
It    is    a    characteristic    Chip- 
pewa pipe,  and  was  doubtless 
carved    with    pieces    of    hoop 
iron  or  other  metal  tools.    The 
noted    collector,    the    late    F. 
S.     Perkins,    pronounced    this 
specimen  the  best  example  of 
F1G  QQ  historic     Indian     carving     he 

Effigy  Pipe,  Author's  Coll.  had   6V6r   86611. 


EFFIGY   AND    EMBLEMATIC    PIPES. 

Comparatively  few  effigy  pipes  have  been  found  within  the 
geographical  limits  of  Wisconsin,  and  none  of  the  great  heavy 
examples  so  frequently  collected  in  the  Ohio  Valley  and  further 
south,  have  been  discovered  here.  It  is  very  doubtful  whether 
future  researches  will  reveal  them. 

Fig.  67  is  of  greyish,  brown  steatite,  3*4"  long,  2^4"  in 
its  greatest  width,  and  with  a  finely  carved  upper  surface  repre- 
senting a  turtle.  The  bowl  is  in  the  center  of  the  turtle's  back, 
the  stem-hole  is  small  and  was  doubtless  used  without  the  addi- 
tion of  a  detachable  mouth-piece.  The  lower  part  of  the  body 
is  flat  with  no  attempt  to  form  either  legs  or  tail.  This  speci- 


102    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4?  Nos.  3  and  4 


men  was  discovered  within  the  southern  limits  of  the  city  of 
Milwaukee,  and  is  believed  to  be  the  only  ceremonial  pipe  of 
turtle  form,  so  far  found  in  Wisconsin.  The  turtle  was  an 


FIG.  67. 
Turtle  Pipe,  Mil.  Museum  Coll. 

emblem  of  the  Sioux,  and  from  the  frequent  occurrence  of  its 
shell  in  graves,  must  have  been  held  in  high  esteem  by  the  In- 
dians, yet  representations  of  it  in  stone  are  exceedingly  rare. 

Fig.  68,  from  Allegau 
county,  Michigan,  is  of 
granite,  2%"  long,  2" 
high,  with  flat  base, 
straight  sides,  with  a 
turtle  carved  on  the  end 
opposite  the  stem-hole. 
This  pipe  has  all  the  in- 
dications of  having  been 
made  with  primitive 
tools. 

Fig.  69,  taken  from  a  stone  grave  in  Hancock  county,  Tennes- 
see, in  1899,  is  of  fine  grained  dark  slate,  4"  long,  and  carved 
to.  represent  a  rattle-snake  coiled  about  the  bowl  and  stem  of 
the  pipe,  which  rest  upon  a  turtle,  its  head  showing  from  beneath 
the  bowl. 

A  fine  turtle  pipe,  2'"  long,  of  granite,  in  the  author's  col- 
lection, was  found  in  Onondaga  county,  New  York.  The  head 


FIG.  68. 
Turtle  Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 


Geo.  A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


103 


FIG.  69. 

Turtle  and  Snake  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


is  well  executed,  the  bowl-hole 

in  the  center  of  the  back,  and 

the    base    curved.     It    has    the 

appearance  of  great  age.     One 

belonging   to    Mr.    E.    C.    Mit- 
chell,   of    St.   Paul,    Minnesota, 

found  by  Mr.  George  W.  Hicks 

near     Stockbridge,      Calumet 

county,  Wis.,  is  of  catlinite  and 

in  the  shape  -of  a  tube,  about  3" 

long,  with  the  bowl-cavity  in  the  center  of  the  turtle's  back.     A 

lop  view  suggests  the  body  of  an  owl. 
An  example  of  a  turtle  pipe  is  in  the  New  York  State  Museum. 

Dr.  David  Boyle  reports  three  in  the  collection  of  the  Provincial 

Museum  of  Toronto  (Kept,  189G-97,  p.  51). 

Fig.  70,  found  by  Peter  Wilkin- 
son in  the  township  of  Granville, 
Sauk  county,  in  the  year  1886,  is  of 
red  catlinite,  3"  high,  nearly  as  long, 
and  about  half  as  thick.  It  has 
horns  curved  like  those  of  the  buf- 
falo, inlaid  eyes  of  lead,  a  lizard  on 
its  either  side  and  a  serpent  down  its 
front.  It  was  doubtless  a  ceremonial 
pipe  and  the  only  one  of  its  form 
known  to  the  writer.  It  is  regarded 
as  hardly  pre-Columbian. 


FIG.  70. 
Buffalo  Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 


Fig.  71,  a  frog 
pipe,  found  by  Mr. 
John  Tanner  in  1871, 
in  Marquette  county, 
is  made  of  compact 
brown  limestone,  is 
3y2"  high,  and  41/2" 
long.  The  stem  and 
bowl-cavities  are  con- 
ical in  shape,  both 
pecked  out,  and  each 
li/4"  in  diameter  at 
the  surface,  the  stem- 


FlG.  71. 
Frog  Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 


104    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


hole  having  been  somewhat  smoothed  in  order  that  the  stem 
might  fit  tightly.  The  legs,  mouth  and  eyes  are  in  bold  relief, 
the  surface  evidently  having  been  worked  into  shape  by  the  use 
of  a  stone  hammer,  but  subsequently  smoothed,  the  hammer 
marks,  in  places,  remaining  quite  distinct.  The  object  faces 
from,  instead  of  towards  the  smoker,  as  is  common  with  mound 
pipes  and  the  older  types  of  rectangular  specimens.  Animal 
forms  are  rare  in  Wisconsin,  especially  those  representing  the 
frog,  while  south  of  the  Ohio  River  none  are  more  common  than 
those  of  this  creature. 

Fig.  72,  a  most  remark- 
able    specimen,      found 
near   Berlin,    Green   Lake 
county,  is  of  yellow  sand- 
stone, considerably  weath- 
ered,  2i/2"   high,   4"   long, 
3"   wide,    and   has   a   flat 
base    an  inch    high  upon 
which      the      bowl      is 
mounted.      The   bowl-cav- 
ity is  iy2"  in  diameter  at 
the     top,     the     stem-hole 
nearly  as  large,  and  each 
is  gouged  out  and  irregu- 
lar in  shape.     The  stem-hole  represents  the  open  mouth  of  some 
animal,  eyes  and  lips  being  in  bold  relief.     A  similar  face,  with 
the    mouth    closed,    orna- 
ments   the    opposite    end 
of  the  bowl,  and  on  each 
of    its    sides    is    a    finely 
carved  face  with  features 
in  bold  relief,  having  in- 
cised lines  extending  from 
the  corners  of  the  mouth 
and  across    the    forehead. 
This    specimen    is    some- 
what    cracked,     probably 
from  the  heat  of  smoking, 
and    contains    no    marks 
that   indicate   the    use    of 


FIG.  72. 
Effigy  Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 


FIG.  73. 
Effigy  Pipe. 

Author's  Coll.  metal   tools   in   its   manu- 
facture. 


FIG.  74. 

Effigy  Pipe. 

H.  P.  Hamilton's  Coll. 


Geo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of   Wisconsin. 


105 


Fig.  73,  from  Marquette  county,  is  of  catlinite,  2"  high, 
with  a  cone-shaped  stem  and  bowl-holes,  each  half-an-inch  in 
diameter  at  the  outside,  but  tapering  to  a  very  small  opening 
where  they  meet.  This  specimen  is  carved  to  represent  the  head 
of  a  mouse. 

Fig.  74,  from  Winnebago  county,  of  brown  sandstone,  carved 
in  the  shape  of  a  deer's  hoof,  and  is  2"  long  and  1^"  wide 
at  the  base.  This  pipe  has  a  cone-shaped  stem  and  bowl-cavities 
each  about  %  of  an  inch  in  diameter  at  the  surface. 

Fig.  75,  marked  ' '  Wis- 
consin" is  of  catlinite,  2i/±" 
long,  with  a  cone-shaped  stem 
and  bowl-holes,  each  slightly 
broken  away.  This  pipe 
was  evidently  intended  to 
represent  some  animal.  FIG  75- 

Fig.     76,     from     ManitOWOC       Effigy  Pipe,  Wyman  Coll.,  Field  M,us. 

county,  is  of  dark  sandstone, 

4"  high,  and  carved  to  represent  the  head  of  some  animal.  Its 
sides  and  front  have  engraved  figures,  deep  holes  being  drilled 
to  represent  the  eyes  and  nostrils,  pos- 
sibly for  the  reception  of  pearl  or  bone 
settings. 

Fig.  77,  from 
Crawford  county,  is 
of  grey  steatite,  3%" 
high,  and  carved  to 
represent  the  head 
of  some  animal.  This 
pipe  appears  to  have 
been  pecked  into 
shape,  and  after- 
wards smoothed  by 
grinding.  Its  bowl- 
cavity  is  conical  in 
form,  %"  in  diame- 
ter, and  irregularly 
Animal  pipes  of  this  type  are  widely  distributed. 


FIG.  76. 
Animal  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


rouged  out. 


FIG.  77. 
Animal  Pipe. 
Author's   Coll. 


106    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


Fig.  78,  from  Waupaca  county,  of  catlin- 
ite,  2L/2  long  and  nearly  as  high,  is  carved 
to  represent  the  head  of  a  panther,  and  is 
doubtless  the  work  of  historic  Indians. 

Fig.  79  was  found  by  William  Buitlift, 
Esq.,  while  digging  a  ditch  on  the  shore  of 
Lake  Waubesa,  Dane  county,  and  was  col- 
lected by  W.  H.  Ellsworth.  It  is  of  grey 
limestone  3" 
long,  with  a 
fiat  base  and 

is  carved  to  represent  the  head  of 
some  animal,  the  eyes  being  most 
prominent.  This  pipe  has  indica- 
tions of  great  age. 

Fig.  80,  from  Sheboygan  county, 
is  of  steatite,  highly  polished, 
shaped  like  a  high  moccasin  and  is 
2"  high,  the  top  of  the  bowl  being- 
ornamented  by  four  -groups  of  3 


FIG.  78. 

Animal  Pipe. 

S.  D.  Mitchell's  Coll. 


FIG.  79. 
Animal  Pipe,  Author's  Coll, 


cross  lines  each. 

Fig.  81,  a  much  weathered  example  from 
Marquette  county,  was  found  by  Mr.  Louis 
Dart,  near  Packwaukee,  and  secured  for 
the  author  by  the  well  known  collector,  F. 
M.  Caldwell,  of  Princeton.  It  is  of  dark 
sandstone,  2"  long  and  IV2"  high,  with  an 
oblong  bowl  excavation  made  by  the  goug- 
iing  process  and  is  shaped  like  an  Indian 
moccasin. 

Fig.  82,  marked  "Wisconsin"  is  of  cat- 
Unite,      2"      high, 
carved    to  represent 
the    head    and   neck 

of  a  bird,  and  is  doubtless  historic  Indian 
work. 

Fig.  83,  claimed  to  have  been  found  by 
Mrs.  Wilhelmine  Hafemeister,  in  Dodge 
county,  in  1854,  doubtless  an  exotic,  is  of 
black  slate  4''  high,  with  perforated  pro- 
jection, carved  to  represent  the  bird's  feet  Moccasin  Pipe 
and  to  which  ornaments  may  have  been  Author's  coil. 


FIG.  80. 

Moccasin   Pipe. 
R.  Kuehne's  Coll. 


Geo.   A.    WPst:    The   Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


107 


attached.  The  form 
and  work  are  mod- 
ern. Two  similar 
examples,  in  the  New 
York  State  Museum, 
were  found  in  that 
state.  The  Canadian 
collection  at  Toronto 

T7»T/1         OO  •  iigj  £* 

Bird  Pipe °wis.  Hist,  contains    a    pipe  .  of 
Society's-  Coll.       this  design. 

Fig.  84,  from  Cum- 
berland county,  Tennessee,  is  of  com- 
pact yellow  sandstone,  6"  long,  4"  high, 
with  large  conical  stem" and  bowl-holes, 
flat  base,  and  carved  head  011  the  top  of 
the  stem. 

Fig.  85,  from  Muskingum  county, 
Ohio,  is  of  black  granite,  carved  to  rep- 
resent a  bear  facing  the  smoker.  This 
rare  specimen  was  pecked  into  shape,  having  a  rough  finish, 


FIG.  83. 

Bird  Pipe. 

O.  T.   Lehman's  Coll. 


Fia.  84. 
Effigy  Pipe.  Author's  Coll. 

conical  stem  and  bowl  excavations,  and  shows  no  evidence  of  the 
use  of  metal  tools  in  its  manufacture. 


108    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


PIG. 
Animal  Pipe,   Author's 


Coll 


Fig.  87,  from  the 
bank  of  Chinch 
river,  Claiborne 
county,  Tennessee, 
near  Hodges  Ford, 
ic  of  a  fine  grained 
sandstone,  6''  long, 
carved  to  represent 
an  Indian  in  a  sit- 
ting posture,  fac- 
ing the  smoker  a.nd 
holding  a  large 
urn-shaped  bowl. 


Fig.  86,  from 
Kyles  Ford,  Ten- 
nessee, is  of  yellow 
sandstone  5"J/£"  long, 
carved  to  represent 
the  head  of  a  moun- 
tain goat,  facing 
away  from  the 
smoker.  This  speci- 
men is  badly  weath- 
ered and  was  doubt- 
less made  with 
primitive  tools. 


FIG.  86. 
Animal  Pipe,   Author's   Coll. 


FIG.  87. 
Effigy  Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 


The  pipe 
shown  in  the 
frontispiece  was 
plowed  up  in 
Calhoun  county, 
Michigan,  in 
1885,  and  is  7" 
high,  4"  wide 
and  carved  to 
represent  a 
seated  figure 
holding  a  large 
urn-shaped  bowl. 


Geo.  A.   West:    The  Abpriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


109 


The  figure  faces  the  smoker. 
Just  below  the  stem-hole  is  the 
head  of  some  animal,  possibly 
of  the  fox.  This  pipe  was 
made  by  the  pecking  process, 
as  its  very  rough  surface  indi- 
cates. It  is  of  hard  compact 
sandstone,  black  with  age,  and 
badly  pitted  from  the  action 


FIG.  88. 
Totem  Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 


FIG.  89. 
Aztec  Bone  Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 


of  the  elements.     Good  judges  pronounce  this  one  of  the  oldest 
and  finest  examples  of  effigy  or  image  pipes  in  existence. 

A  finely  carved  idol  pipe  41/2"  high,  of  polished  serpentine, 

TT7T 


Fio.  90. 
Frog  Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 


110    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


in  the  J.  P.   Schumacher  collection,  was  recently  found  near 

Sturgeon  Bay,  Door  county. 

Fig.  38,  a  fine  example  of  Northwest 
Coast  historic  Indian  work,  collected  by  the 
author  at  Killisnoo,  Alaska,  is  10"  long,  6" 
high,  made  of  wood,  having  a  bowl  of  iron 
known  to  have  been  a  portion  of  a  musket 
used  by  the  unfortunate  garrison  of  Russian 
soldiers,  massacred  at  Sitka,  during  the  latter 
part  of  the  17th  century.  This  specimen  was 
originally  the  property  of  Chief  li  Great 
Bear,"  who  had  eight  wives,  and  the  four 
faces  carved  on  each  side  of  the  pipe  are  sup- 
posed to  represent  some  of  them. 

Fig.  89,  from  Southern  Arizona,  secured  by 
Mr.  Charles  Quarles,  of  Milwaukee,  is  of  bone, 
beautifully  carved.  The  bowl  has  upon  it 
two  human  faces,  one  facing  the  smoker,  and 
the  other  on  the  opposite  side.  The  thirteen 
characters  of  the  Azetec  calendar  are  deeply 
engraved  into  the  stem,  which  is  cemented  to 
the  bowl  by  a  substance  as  hard  as  flint.  This 
specimen  is  discolored  by  age.  A  similar  ex- 
ample in  the  author's  collection  having  but 
one  face  on  its  bowl,  came  from  the  same  local- 
ity. These  pipes  may  have  been  used  for 
ceremonial  purposes. 

Fig.  90,  found  by  A.  L.  Gruhake,  in  Lan- 
caster county,  Pennsylvania,  in  1892,  is  of 
limestone,  7"  long,  41/2"  high,  carved  in  the 
form  of  a  frog  holding  a  large  bowl.  This 
pipe  has  the  appearance  of  great  age.  It  was 
made  by  the  pecking  process,  has  a  conical 
stem  and  bowl-holes,  and  weighs  4%  pounds. 
The  pipes  found  along  the  northwest  coast 
of  America  are'  most  interesting  in  style,  and 
made  of  a  great  variety  of  material  such  as 
Pipe,  Author's  Coll.  stone,  ivory,  bone,  antler,  and  of  these  ma,- 


Geo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin  111 

terials  in  combination  with  metal.  Among  the  most  remark- 
able carvers  are  the  Haida  Indians,  who  have  been  known  for 
their  artistic  productions  for  centuries. 

Fig.  91,  from  Victoria,  B.  C.,  is  of  black  slate  11"  long,  2" 
high,  11/2"  wide,  and  appears  to  have  seen  long  service.  The 
bowl  opening  is  %,  and  that  of  the  stem  about  %  of  an  inch  in 
diameter.  This  specimen  is  a  curious  combination  of  heads  and 
arms,  and  represents  the  totem  of  some  Indian  family.  The 
carving  of  totem  poles  was  already  an  old  custom  with  the 
natives  of  Southeastern  Alaska  when  the  whites  first  visited  that 
country.  At  what  elate  the  art  was  applied  to  their  pipes  is 
uncertain.  The  Japanese  are  known  to  have  had  intercourse 
with  these  people,  and  may  have  influenced  their  carving. 

Although  the  author's  cabinet  contains  many  unique  and  in- 
teresting pipes  collected  in  northern  Alaska  and  other  parts  of 
America  outside  of  Wisconsin,  they  will  not  be  treated  in  this 
paper,  an  occasional  specimen  only  being  illustrated  for  the 
sake  of  comparison,  and  for  the  information  of  the  student. 

BRIDEGROOM    OR-    DOUBLE-STEMMED    PIPES. 

In  the  South  and  Ea,st  bridegroom  pipes  usually  have  two 
bowls,  while  Wisconsin  examples  have  but  one  bowl  with  two 
stem-holes.  To  smoke  a  double-stemmed  pipe  on  one's  wedding 
day  was  an  ancient  Dutch  custom.  Such  pipes  being  employed 
afterwards  only  at  wedding  anniversaries. 

Mr.  McGuire  mentions  two  examples  in  the  celebrated  Bragge 
collection,  now  in  the  British  Museum,  which  are  referred  to 
as  "still  decorated  with  the  ribbons  placed  upon  them  upon  a 
certain  festal  day  that  faded  into  nothingness  two  centuries  ago. 
Smoked  in  augury  of  a  happy  future  upon  the  wedding  day,  it 
was  too  sacred  to  be  touched  again  save  on  the  recurrence  of  the 
anniversary  of  the  momentous  event"  (p.  546).  The  double- 
stemmed  pipe  of  the  primitive  Indians  doubtless  figured  in  some 
other  ceremony  than  that  of  matrimony.  It  takes  its  name 
from  its  resemblance  to  these  pipes. 

Fig.  92  was  found  by  Mr.  Chas.  Stevens,  in  1880,  in  the  town 
of  Wyocena,  Columbia  county,  4  ft.  under  ground,  while  digging 
a  cellar.  This  rare  and  interesting  specimen  is  of  steatite,  about 
5 


112    WISCONSIN   ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


FIG.  92. 
Double-stemmed  Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 


2"  square,  and  with  half 
inch  projections  reinforc- 
ing each  stem -hole.  The 
bawl  excavation,  is 
square  in  form,  and 
fitted  for  a  slide  cover. 
There  are  two  stem- 
holes,  one  at  the  bottom 
of  the  bowl  and  the  other 
on  the  opposite  side  near 
the  top.  This  pipe  ap- 
pears to  be  of  aboriginal 
manufacture. 


FIG. 

Double-stemmed 
Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 


Fig.  93,  from  Sauk  coun- 
ty, is  of  sandstone,  2y2" 
high,  with  an  egg-shaped 
bowl,  ornamented  with  a 
spiral  groove.  Its  two  stem- 
holes  are  conical  in  shape, 
and  were  made  with  stone 
drills. 

Fig.  94,  an  interesting  ex- 
ample from  Dane  county, 
is  of  bone  poorly  preserved, 
an  inch  square,  3"  long,  and 
highly  ornamented 
deep  carving,  and  having  two  stem-holes. 

Fig.  95,  from  near  Petway,  Cheatham  county,  Tennessee, 
weighs  5!/2  pounds,  and  is  one  of  the  finest  examples  of  double- 
stemmed  pipes  in  existence.  It  is  of  limestone,  black  with  age, 
much  weathered,  evidently  made  by  the  pecking  process,  7" 
long,  6"  high,  with  two  conical-shaped  stem-holes,  one  at  each 
end  of  the  pipe,  above  each  of  which  projects  a  rudely  carved 
human  head.  This  specimen,  like  all  great  pipes,  has  a  flat 
base,  and  was  not  intended  to  be  held  in  the  hand  when  in  use. 


FIG.  94. 

Double-stemmed 
with  Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 


The  Aboriginal   Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


IK! 


FIG.  95. 
Double-stemmed  or  Bridegroom  Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 


PLATFORM   OR   MONITOR   PIPES. 

This  tjTpe  of  pipe  is  -distributed  throughout  the  Eastern 
United  States  and  is  often  found  in  the  mounds  and  other  ab- 
original burial  places  of  the  Ohio  valley.  Nearly  all  the  pipes 
of  this  class  secured  in  Wisconsin,  are  surface  finds.  Their 
distinguishing-  characteristic  is  the  platform-shaped  base.  The 
monitor  pipe  derives  its  name  from  its  resemblance  to  the  well 
known  war  vessel  of  that  type.  Because  of  its  frequent  occur- 
rence in  mounds,  the  curved  base  form  is  often  called  the  mound 
pipe,  but  contrary  to  many  writers,  it  is  not  the  oldest  type 
taken  from  these  tumuli.  Its  beauty  of  design  and  proportions 
make  it  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  primitive  pipes.  The 
author  has  grouped  the  large  number  of  forms,  found  in  this 
state,  under  three  sub-classes. 

The  material  from  which  they  are  usually  made  is  stone  that 


114    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 

is  tough,  but  soft  in  texture  and  easily  worked,  such  as  steatite, 
chlorite  and  catlinite. 

Until  within  the  last  decade  the  Mound  Builders  were  regarded 
as  a  race  distinct  from  that  of  the  American  Indian,  but  patient 
research  has  brought  the  weight  of  authority  to  support  the  op- 
posite theory.  Many  of  the  oldest  groups  of  mounds  in  this  geo- 
graphical location  contain  no  pipes.  None  were  found  in  the 
Racine  groups,  which  the  late  Dr.  P.  R.  Hoy  claimed  were  of 
the  oldest  in  the  state,  although  over  100  mounds  were  care- 
fully explored.  The  custom,  among  the  American  aborigines, 
of  burying  the  pipe  with  its  owner  possibly  became  established 
after  the  older  groups  of  these  tumuli  were  erected. 

STRAIGHT-BASE  MONITOR  PIPES. 

Fig.  96,  plowed  up  in  an  early  day  by  Mr.  L.  Craigs,  on  sec- 
tion 30,  Eagle  township,  Richland  county,  is  of  drab  steatite  and 
finely  polished.  It  is  9''  long,  2%"  wide  at  the  base,  o"  across 
the  flange  of  the  bowJ,  with  the  bowl  cavity  %"  in  its  greatest 
diameter,  and  made  with  a  tubular  drill.  This  is  certainly 
one  of  the  finest  examples  of  the  straight  base  monitor  pipe  as 
yet  found  in  Wisconsin.  One  in  the  author's  collection,  from 
a  mound  in  Vernon  county,  is  of  the  same  length  and  form,  as 
the  last  described  but  4^4"  wide. 

Fig.  97,  from  Marinette 
county,  of  steatite,  is  SW 
long,  the  base  11/2"  wide 
and  perfectly  flat.  The 
bowl  cavity  has  a  finely 
FIG  97.  rounded  bottom,  nicely 

Straight-base  Monitor,  Author's  Coll.  polished.  An      example 

4"    long,    in    Hon.    J.  G. 

Pickett's  collection,  is  from  Winnebago  county.  A  broken 
specimen,  in  the  Milwaukee  Museum,  from  Calumet  county, 
is  of  steatite,  and  was  originally  about  5"  long.  A  second  ex- 
ample from  Milwaukee  county,  is  on  deposit  in  the  same  place. 
Fig.  98,  said  to  be  from  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  is  of 
a  soft  mica  slate,  5yV'  long.  2"  wide  with  a  low  bowl  and 
pronounced  keel.  The  stern-hole  is  %"  in  its  greatest  diameter 
and  tapers  to  1/16".  Phis  pipe  was  evidently  used  with  the 
addition  of  a  stem. 


116    WISCONSIN   ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


Some   pipes 
have  a  slight 
ly     rounded 
base    with    a 
ridge       along 
their       tops, 
necessarily  so, 
as    the   stem- 
hole  is  usually  large.     A  study  of  this  type  will  convince  the 
most  skeptical  that  they  are  the  oldest  forms  of  platform  pipes. 


FIG.  98. 
Straight-base  Monitor  Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 


FIG.  99. 
Rounded-base  Monitor  Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 

Fig.  99,  a  surface  find  from  Jefferson  county,  is  of  mottled 
steatite,  5"  long,  base  an  inch  wide,  bowl  cavity  made  with 
solid  pointed  drill,  stem-hole  half  an  inch  in  its  greatest  diameter, 
and  showing  the  striations  distinctly.  There  is  no  evidence  of 
metal  tools  having  been  used  in  its  manufacture.  Almost  a 
duplicate  of  the  last  described,  in  the  author's  collection,  is  a 
surface  find,  from  Crawford  county. 

An  example  in  the  Logan  collection,  Beloit  College,  taken  from 
a  mound  near  Packwaukee,  is  of  steatite,  2%"  long,  and 
peculiar  in  having  an  elliptical  bowl-cavity. 

Fig.  100,  a  surface  find  from  the  town  of  Wauwatosa,  Mil- 
waukee county,  is  of  greenish  steatite  with  straight  rounded  base 


118    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and 


5%"  long,  and  2"  broad.  The  long  or  handle  end  tapers 
to  its  extremity  upon  which  stands  a  spool-shaped  bowl  -2%" 
high,  with  a  pronounced  projecting  flange.  The  bowl  cavity,  an 
inch  in  width,  is  made  with  a  sand  drill.  The  stem-hole  is  about 
3/16"  in  diameter.  This  is  doubtless  the  finest  example  of 
its  class  as  yet  obtained  in  the  state.  It  is  peculiar  in  having 
the  bowl  nearest  the  stem  end. 

A  fine  specimen  in  the  Logan  collection,  with  the  bowl  very 
near  the  stem  end,  is  5"  long,  of  greenish  steatite,  and  is  pecul- 
iar in  having  the  flange  of  the  bowl  squared  oft'  where  it  would 
come  in  contact  with  the  smoker's  face.  This  pipe  was  plowed 
up  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  Oeo.  W.  Ogden,  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Kosh- 
konong,  in  1860. 

An  example  4"  long,  in  the  author's  collection,  from  Man- 
it  owoc  county,  is  of  Barren  county  catlinite,  and  of  precisely 
the  same  shape  as  the  above  described.  A  very  similar*  pipe 
from  Winnebago  county,  is  in  Hon.  J.  G.  Pickett's  collection. 

A  fine  example  in  Mr.  H.  P.  Hamilton  ?s  collection,  from.  Wau- 
paca  county,  of  Barron  county  catlinite,  is  3"  long,  with  a 
spool-shaped  bowl  placed  on  the  middle  of  its  rounded  base.  Its 
bottom  is  ornamented  by  numerous  equi-distant  lines  which  cross 
each  other  diagonally.  A  similar  specimen,  without  any  basal 
ornamentation,  is  in  the  Milwaukee  Museum.  Three  examples, 
of  steatite,  in  the  author's  collection,  were  taken  from  a  mound 
in  Marquette  county.  The  writer's  sketch-book  shows  several 
other  specimens  of  this  form,  all  being  Wisconsin  finds. 

Fig.  101,  from  near  New 
Castle,  Indiana,  is  of  com- 
pact drab  slate  4"  long, 
having  a  stem  peculiar  to 
this  type,  and  a  bowl  of 
the  monitor  shape.  It  has 
a  flat  base,  triangular  in 
section.  Although  this 
pipe  is  finely  finished, 
traces  of  the  marks  made 
by  the  use  of  metal  tools 
are  discernible. 


PIG.  101. 
Straight-base  Monitor  Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 


Geo.  A.   West:    The  Aborigiinal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


119 


Fig.  102,  from  a 
mound  in  De  Soto 
county,  Mississippi, 
is  of  calcareous 
limestone  4"  high, 
with  a  wide,  ir- 
regular flange 
around  the  bowl 
cavity  and  a  partly 
broken  base  2" 
wide.  The  stem- 
hole  is  drilled 
through  on  the  side 
of  the  base  instead 
of  following  its  center. 


PIG.  102. 
Mississippi   Mound   Pipe,   Author's'  Coll. 


SHORT-BASE  MONITOR  PIPES. 

The  monitor  pipes  here  described  are  characterized  by  a  very 
short  base.  A  sufficient  number  of  those  have  been  found  in 
Wisconsin  to  warrant  their  being  included  in  a  sub-class. 

Fig.  103  from  Crawford  county,  is  of  steatite  with  a  flat  base 
1%"  long,  the  bowl  1^4"  high,  and  is  finely  finished.  A 
similar  example  from  Sauk  county,  is  in  the  American  Museum 
of  Natural  History,  New  York  City. 


FIG.  108. 
Short-base   Monitor.    Author's    Coll. 


FIG.  104. 

Short-base  Monitor. 

Author's  Coll. 


Fig.  104,  from  Marquette  county,  of  steatite,  1%"  long  with 
a  very  small  bowl,  is  ornamented  at  its  top  by  notches  or  inden- 
tations. The  base  is  rounded  and  with  numerous  notches  on 
each  edge.  A  similar  example  in  the  author's  collection,  from 
Adams  county,  has  a  small  bowl  and  notched  base. 


126 


ARCHteOLOGlST 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


FIG.  105. 

Short-lsase   Monitor. 
Author's  Coll. 


Fig.  105,  from  Washington  county, 
is  of  steatite,  %"  long,  and  has  a  Hat, 
notched,  base.  The  bowl,  which  leans 
away  from  the  smoker,  is  orna- 
mented with  incised  lines. 

An  iin ornamented  example  in  the 
author's  collection,  of  gray  slate,  and 
of  like  size,  with  the  last  described, 
is  from  \Vinnebago  county.  A  third, 


in  Mr.  W.  W.  Radley's  collection,  is  from  Portage  county. 

Fig.  106,  a  perfect  example,  in  the  au- 
thor's collection,  from  a  mound  in  Mar- 
quette  county,  is  of  steatite,  and  less  than 
an  inch  in  length. 

Fig.  107,  from  Columbia  county,  a  mound 
find,  2%"  long,  is  of  steatite,  with  a  short 
rounded  base  and  square  bowl  set  near  its 
end.  A  duplicate  of  the  last  described, 


FIG.  106. 

Short-base   Monitor. 
Authors  Coll. 


FIG.  107. 
Square-bowled  Monitor,  Author's  Coll. 


in  the  author's  collection, 
is  from  Fond  du  Lac  county. 

A  fine  example  with  a  short 
rounded  base  and  square  bowl, 
in  the  Wisconsin  Historical 
Society  ;s  collection,  marked 
"Wisconsin,"  is  of  red  catlin- 
ite. 

Fig.  108,  from  Sheboygan 
county,  found  by  Mr.  Chas. 


Meyer,  three  miles  south  of  the  village  of 

Adell,  in  1898,  is  of  rich  purple  Barron 

county  catlinite,  2"  long  and  equally  as  high, 

with  a  square  bowl  and  short  rounded  base. 

Its  bowl  cavity    is  cone-shaped,    evidently 

enlarged    with    wooden     drill     and    sand. 

The  stem-hole  is  but  an  eighth  of  an  inch 

in   diameter.     This  specimen   shows   much  FlG  108 

use,  the  incised  ornamentation  on  the  front  Short-base  Monitor  pipe. 

of  the  bowl  having  been  almost- worn  away.          Author's  con. 

If  metal  tool  marks  existed  they  have  long  since  disappeared. 


Geo.   A.   West:    The   Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


121 


FIG.  109. 
Type  of  Monitor  Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 


Fig.  109,  found  near 
Buffalo  creek,  Nelson 
county,  Virginia,  of 
dark  schist,  is  5"  long. 
It  has  an  aiate  stem 
running  the  length  of 
the  center  of  which  is  a 
pronounced  ridge. 
' :  The  largest  specimen 

of  this  type  so  far  encountered  is  probably  a  "Great  Pipe," 
having  a  bowl  8"  long,  being  upward  of  17  inches  in  total  length, 
which  was  found  in  a  mound  in  Marion  county,  Kentucky,  col- 
lected by  Mr.  William  T.  Knott"  (McGuire,  p.  470). 

Fig.  110,  found  in  the 
town  of  Aurora,  Marquette 
county,  is  of  drab  slate, 
21/2"  long,  the  end  broken 
away,  base  rounded,  and  is 
ornamented  near  the  stem 
end  on  each  side  by  three 
deep  grooves.  A  second  ex- 
ample of  the  same  shape  in 
the  author 's  collection, 
found  by  Mr.  August  Bar- 
tie,  in  the  town  of  Scott,  Sheboygan  county,  in  1901,  is  of  drab 
steatite.  The  top  of  its  bowl  is  ornamented  by  four  sets  of  cross 
lines,  of  three  lines  each.  The  bowl  cavities  in  each  pipe  are 
irregularly  conical  in  shape. 


FIG.  110. 

S.  D.  Mitchell's  Coll. 
Short-base  Monitor  Pipe, 


CURVED-BASH  PIPES. 


These  pipes  have  an  arched  base  usually  2  to  4  inches  long, 
with  a  bowl,  often  finely  carved  in  effigy  form,  located  equi- 
distant from  the  ends.  No  product  of  aboriginal  handicraft 
shows  greater  skill  in  the  carving  of  stone  than  may  be  found 
in  the  curved-base  pipe.  The  bowl  cavity  was  usually  made  with 
a  tubular  drill ;  and  the  stem- hole  rarely  exceeds  an  eighth  of  an 
inch  in  diameter.  The  Ohio  Valley  was  probably  one  of  the  man- 
ufacturing centers  of  the  mound  pipe.  Squier  and  Davis  found 
nearly  200  in  one  mound  near  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  and  in  their 


122    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGtST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


' '  Ancient  Monuments  of  the  Mississippi  Valley, ' '  described  them 
as  follows :  * '  The  bowls  of  most  of  the  pipes  are  carved  in  min- 
iature figures  of  animals,  birds,  reptiles,  etc.  All  of  them  are 
executed  with  strict  fidelity  to  nature,  and  with  exquisite  skill. 
The  otter  is  shown  in  characteristic  attitude,  holding  a  fish  in 
Jiis  mouth;  the  heron  also  holds  a  fish,  the  hawk  grasps  a  small 
bird  in  its  talons,  which  it  tears  with  its  beak,  the  panther,  the 
bear,  the  wolf,  the  beaver,  the  otter,  the  squirrel,  the  raccoon, 
the  hawk,  the  heron,  crow,  swallow,  buzzard,  paroquet,  toucan, 
and  other  indigenous  and  southern  birds,  the  turtle,  the  frog, 
toad,  rattlesnake,  etc.,  are  recognized  at  first  glance.  But  the 
most  interesting  and  valuable  in  the  list  are  a  number  of  sculp- 
tured heads,  no  doubt  faithfully  representing  the  predominant 
physical  features  of  the  ancient  people  by  whom  they  were 
made"  (p.  152).  A  very  fine  series  of  such  pipes  is  in  the 
Davenport  Academy  of  Sciences  collection,  at  Davenport,  la. 

Fig.  Ill  is  of  black 
slatey  rock,  5"  long, 
base  2"  wide,  with  a 
spool  shaped  bowl 
of  about  the  same 
height,  and  is  of 
the  typical  Ohio 
valley  mound  pipe 
form.  This  speci- 
men was  taken  from 
the  same  mound  as 
the  handle  pipe 
shown  in  Fig.  115. 

It  is  doubtless  one  of  the  finest  examples  as  yet  obtained  in  Wis- 
consin. Its  base  has  the  form  of  a  low  arch  rounded  towards  its 
top  and  is  ornamented  at  one  extremity  by  a  four-pointed  star- 
shaped  figure.  The  bowl  has  a  pronounced  flange  ornamented 
on  its  top  by  a  four-sided  pattern.  Its  stem-hole  is  less  than  an 
eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  that  being  about  the  usual  size 
for  mound  pipes. 

Fig.  112,  from  Winnebago  county,  is  of  dark  steatite,  3" 
long,  with  the  bowl  carved  to  represent  the  head  of  some  animal. 
This  interesting  specimen  was  found  a  few  miles  from  Pickett 


FIG.  UL 
Curved-base  Pipe,  Author's 


Coll. 


Geo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


123 


FIG.  112. 
Curved-base  Pipe,  J.  G.  Pickett  Coll. 


station,  and  is  one  of 
the  few  curved-base 
mound  pipes  in  effigy 
torm  as  yet  found  in 
in  Wisconsin. 

An  unornamented 
example,  2-1/2 ''  l°n§'>  in 
the  author's  collection, 
from  Marquette  county, 
is  of  red  catlinite.  A 
A  similar  specimen,  from  Washington  county,  is  of  steatite.  A 
broken  pipe  from  Sheboygan  county  is  interesting  because, 'after 
the  stem  end  had  been  broken  away,  a  new  stem  hole  was  drilled 
from  the  opposite  end.  This,  apparently,  resulted  in  breaking 
the  base.  A  fine  unornamented  example  owned  by  Mr.  E.  A. 
Hersch,  from  Milwaukee  county,  3"  long,  is  of  drab  steatite. 

In  the  Logan  collection  is  an  example  of  grey  steatite  2:>4 
Icng,  from  Washington  county;  a  second,  of  the  same  size  and 
form  from  Fond  du  Lac  county ;  a  third  4"  long,  of  green  steat- 
ite, from  Salem,  Kenosha  county,  and  a  fourth,  originally  5" 
in  length,  from  Washington  county.  All  are  surface  finds,  and 
are  without  ornamentation.  The  last  mentioned  is  interesting 
because  after  the  stem  end  was  broken  away  a  new  stem  hole 
was  drilled  through  the  base  from  the  opposite  end.  In  so  doing 
the  base,  although  exceptionally  thick,  became  fractured.  A 
line  example,  of  catlinite,  from  a  mound  at  Prairie  du  Chien  is 
in  the  collection  of  the  Davenport  Academy  of  Sciences. 

Fig.  113.  an  unfinished  pipe 
from  Jefferson  county,  is  of  dior- 
ite,  4"  long.  It  is  interesting  as 
demonstrating  that  a  specimen 
was  at  first  rudely  blocked  out, 
then  drilled,  after  which  it  was 
ground  down  and  polishel.  This 
would  indicate  that  the  wonder- 
ful skill  accredited  to  the  ab- 
origines in  drilling  through  a 
very  thin  plate  of  stone  was  not 
always  due  them,  nor.  as  is  often  asserted,  was  a  metal  drill  a 
necessity  in  the  successful  performance  of  the  work, 


FIG.  113. 

Unfinished  Curved-base  Pipe. 
Horace  McElroy's  Coll 


124    WISCONSIN   ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Ncs.  3  and  4 


FIG.  114. 

Curved-base  Pipe. 
John  Gerend's  Coll. 


Fig.  114,  a,  surface  tind,  from  She- 
boy  gan  county,  is  2"  long,  2Vo"  high, 
of  drab  steatite,  and  polished  from 
use.  This  style  of  pipe  is  interesting 
in  having  a  very  short,  wide  base  and 
tall  bowl.  A  similar  example  in  the 
author's  collection,  from  Marquette 
county,  is  of  da.rk  steatite. 

A  very  fine  curved-base  pipe,  in  the 
author's  collection,  2y2"  long  and 
equally  as  tall  is  of  yellow  porphyry. 
It  was  found  by  Geo.  H.  Baker,  at 
Brothertown,  Calumet  county,  in 
June.  1905.  A  similar  example  from 
Rock  county  is  in  the  collection  of  W.  P.  Clarke  of  Milton. 

Of  forty-five  curved-base  pipes,  found  in  Wisconsin,  shown  in 
the  author's  sketch  book,  all  were  found  in  the  southern  half, 
and  thirty -nine  of  the  number  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
the  state.  Many  were  secured  adjacent  to  streams  used  by  the 
Indians  as  canoe-routes  to  the  Mississippi;  or  near  the  shore  of 
Lake  Michigan.  This  fact  seems  to  be  but  coincident,  and  no 
evidence  that  the  origin  of  this  pipe  is  in  any  way  due  td  French 
influence,  as  is  suggested  by  some  writers  on  the  subject.  This 
form  of  pipe  is  found  most  abundantly  along  the  streams  that 
Father  Marquette  and  the  early  French  traders  did  not  traverse. 
Green  Bay  was,  for  half  a  century,  the  headquarters  of  the 
French  traders,  yet  not  a  single  specimen  of  this  type  so  far  as 
the  author  has  been  able  to  learn  has  been  encountered  in  that 
vicinity.  While  the  lands  occupied  in  early  historic  times,  by 
the  Chippewas  a,nd  Sioux,  do  not  produce  it,  the  country  of  the 
Sacs,  Foxes,  Winnebagoes  and  roaming  tribes,  has  furnished 
nearly  all  the  examples  known  to  the  author. 

Some  few  pipes  of  this  form  may  indicate  European  influence, 
yet  the  weight  of  procurable  evidence  marks  the  type  as  of  pre- 
Columbian  origin.  Mr.  McGuire  suggests  Lakes  Michigan  or 
Erie  as  the  point  of  origin  of  the  mound  pipe  rather  than  the 
region  about  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  or  Davenport,  Iowa  (p.  527). 

Southeastern  Wisconsin  may  have  been  one  of  the  centres  of 
manufacture.  Examples  from  this  region  have  a  tendency  to 


(reo.   A.    West:    The   Aboriginal   Pipes   of  Wisconsin.  125 

flattened  bases,  and  are  seldom  elaborated  by  carvings.  But  few 
exhibit  evidence  of  the  use  of  metal  tools  in  their  manufacture 
and  all  are  probably  of  greater  age  than  those  of  animal  and  bird 
forms,  predominating  in  other  districts. 

HANDLED   PIPES. 

In  this  class  the  auth-jr  has  placed  a  small  number  of  very  in- 
teresting pipes  which  are  provided  with  an  elongated  base  or 
handle,  by  which  they  were  held  or  supported ;  and  in  most  ex- 
amples with  a  short  mouthpiece  also.  Some  are  without  the  lat- 
ter feature,  and  were  probably  furnished  with  a  short  stem  of 
wood  or  bone.  They  differ  considerably  as  to  general  shape  and 
manner  of  ornamentation.  A  few  have  the  bowls  artistically 
carved  to  represent  the  head  of  a  human  being,  a  fish  or  an  ani- 
mal. 

A  small  number  of  similar  pipes  have  been  described  from 
other  sections  of  the  United  States.  Twenty-two  'examples  have 
been  found  in  Wisconsin,  no  two  of  which  are  of  exactly  the 
same  pattern.  No  theory  of  their  authorship  among  the  Wis- 
consin or  other  Indians  has  as  yet  been  advanced.  Even  though 
originally  limited  to  any  one  tribe,  so  convenient  a  form  of  pipe 
is  sure  to  have  been  copied  by  individuals  belonging  to  others. 

Authorities  who  have  written  on  the  subject,  seem  to  regard 
this  type  of  pipe  as  modern.  Some  of  the  Wisconsin  finds 
contain  no  marks  of  metal  tools,  are  unpolished,  and  have  all 
indications  of  being  prehistoric,  while  others  are  new  in  appear- 
ance, finely  polished,  and  show  evidence  of  the  use  of  metal,  tools 
in  their  manufacture. 

As  to  the  probable  age  of  this  type  of  pipe,  Mr.  Beauchamp.  in 
describing  an  example  from  Pompey,  New  York  State,  says: 
"Like  all  with  this  platform  and  basal  projection,  it  is  a  recent 
form"  (Vol.  4,  No.  18.  p.  49). 

Mr.  McGuire  shows  a  cut  of  one  from  a  mound  in  London 
county,  Tennessee:  ''On  the  surface  of  which  file  marks  are 
quite  distinct."  "The  specimen  is  2U2"  high  and  2"  long" 
C condensed).  "Another  pipe  of  this  character  was  found  in 
Newark,  Ohio,  on  the  bowl  of  which  there  is  an  animal  head." 

"A  specimen  of  the  same  type  in  the  collection  of  the  Daven- 
port Academy  of  Sciences  was  found  in  Jo  Daviess  county,  IJij- 


126    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


nois,  and  is  made  of  pipe-stone  of  slightly  greenish  tinge"  (p. 
486). 

Mr.  Boyle  illustrates  an  example  in  the  Provincial  Museum 
Report  for  1804—95,  (p.  60),  of  soapstone  33/4"  long  with  a 
fattened  handle,  found  in  Lanark  county,  Ontario. 


FIG.  116. 
Handled  Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 

Fig.  115  represents  one  of  the  oldest  handled  pipes  that  has 
come  under  the  writer's  observation.  This  interesting  specimen 
was  taken  from  a  burial  mound,  on  the  Nicholai  farm,  Big  Bend. 
Waukesha  county,  in  July,  1902,  by  Mr.  La  Fayette  Ellerson. 
With  it  was  found  a  curved-base  mound  pipe,  shown  in  Fig.  111. 


Geo.  A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


127 


The  skeleton  with  which  these  interesting  specimens  were 
.found,  was  so  badly  decomposed  that  only  a  few  fragments  of 
bone  remained.  This  burial  was  without  doubt  an  original 
interment.  Each  pipe  was  inc rusted  with  a  black  substance. 
This  specimen  is  of  a  fine  grained  yellow  sand-stone,  unpolished 
now  black  on  its  surface  from  use  and  age,  and  exhibits  numerous 
small  checks  or  cracks.  When  first  taken  from  the  mound  the 
greatest  of  care  had  to  be  exercised  to  prevent  its  falling  to 
pieces.  This  pipe  is  4"  high,  3y2"  wide,  an  inch  thick, 
and  contains  a  perforation  through  which  the  forefinger  of  the 
smoker  could  be  slipped.  Its  bowl  is  finely  carved  to  represent  a 
bird,  probably  a  fish-hawk  or  crow.  The  bowl  cavity  is  conical 
in  shape  and  was  drilled  with  a  stone  and  sand  drill.  The  stem- 
hole  is  %"  in  diameter,  and  the  specimen  shows  no  marks  of 
metal  tools. 

Fig.  116,  found  by  Mr.  0.  3.  Ludington, 
near  Prairie  du  Chien,  of  red  sandstone, 
formed  mainly  by  the  pecking  process,  into 
the  shape  of  a  fish,  and  is  f)1/^ '  long,  2y2" 
wide  and  1"  thick.  Its  bowl -cavity  is  %  of 
an  inch  across,  the  stem-hole  nearly  as  large, 
and  both  are  cone-shaped,  having  been 
made  with  a  stone  drill. 
This  specimen  is  not 
worked  down  smooth,  nor 
does  it  exhibit  file  marks. 
Fig.  117  is  also  sugges- 
tive of  a  fish.  It  was 
found  in  the  township  of 
Somers,  Kenosha  county, 
is  made  of  pink  steatite, 
and  has  striations  on  it's 
stem  that  are  possibly  file 
marks. 

A  third  example  of  al- 
lied    form,     of     catlinite, 
now  in  the  author 's  collec- 
tion, was  found  near  Horicon.     This  specimen 
is  very  rude,  shows  no  file  marks,  but  its  bowl- 
hole  appears  to  have  been  enlarged  and  deep- 
ened by  use  of  a  brace  and  bit. 


FIG.  116. 
Handled  Pipe. 
Author's   Coll. 


FIG.  117. 
Handled  Pipe. 
Author's   Coll. 


6 


128    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


FIG.  IIS 
Handled  Pipe. 
Author's   Coll, 


Fig.  118  was  found  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Thomas  in  Craw- 
ford county,  in  the  year  1892.  This  specimen,  of  cat- 
linite,.  is  21/2"  long?  with  a  conical  stem-hole  larger 
than  the  bowl-cavity.  It  exhibits  no  marks  of  metal 
tools,  is  not  polished,  and  from  all  appearances,  is 
very  old.  A  very  similar  example  in  the  author's 
cabinet,  found  in  Washington  county,  has  a  fine 
polish,  small  stern-hole  and  shows  slight  marks, 
possibly  made  by  metal  tools. 

Fig.  119,  collected  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Elkey  of  Mil- 
waukee, was  found  on  the  surface,  in  Vernon  coun- 
ty. This  very  fine  specimen  is  of  steatite  8"  long, 
the  bowl  I'Vi"  square  at  the  top,  is  provided  with  a 
flat  projectin  g 
mouth-piece,  has  a 
fine  polish,  and  ex- 
hibits no  marks  but  what  could 
have  been  made  by  the  use  of 
sand-stone.  Its  fine  finish  leads 
one  to  believe  that  it  may  have 
been  made  within  the  last  two 
or  three  centuries.  The  draw- 
ing of  a  pipe,  in  the  National 
Museum  collection,  from  Sun 
Prairie,  Wis.,  with  a  broken 
bowl,  but  having  a  similarly 
shaped  handle,  was  sent  to  the 
writer  by  Mr.  J.  D.  McGuire. 

Fig.  120,  found  in  Dane 
county,  made  of  brownish  stea- 
tite, finely  polished,  is  6"  long, 
the  bowl  1%"  across.  The  short 
mouthpiece  is  partly  broken 
away.  This  specimen  has  all 
the  earmarks  of  Indian  make, 
yet  it  exhibits  a  fair  polish  and 
striations  that  suggest  the  use 
of  metal  tools  in  its  manufac- 
ture. It  may  be  considered  as 
ojf  no  great  age,  FlG.  n9. 

JIandled  Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 


(-loo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  cf  Wisconsin. 


128 


An  example  of  similar  shape,  3J/i"  long, 
Tciinc!  in  Jefferson  county,  is  now  in  the 
Milwaukee  Museum,  and  another,  of  the 
same  shape  in  the  Wisconsin  Historical 
Society's  collection  at  Madison. 

A  fine  specimen,  with- 
out the  modified  base, 
from  Marathon  county, 
is  in  Mr.  H.  P.  Hamil- 
ton :s  collection.  This 
pipe  has  a  cone-shaped 
bowl -hole,  is  of  dark 
grey  steatite,  exhibits  a 
good  polish,  but  no  metal 
tool  marks.  A  portion 
of  its  handle  is  broken 
away. 

Fig.  121,  from  La 
Oosse  county,  now  in 
the  Wyman  collection  on 
deposit  at  the  Field  Col- 
umbian Museum,  is  of 

banded  serpentine  7%"  long,  with  rounded  bowl,  terminating  in 

a  flat  end,  and  with  a  short  mouth-piece. 

Fig.  122,  an  unfinished 
specimen,  of  catlinite, 
found  on  the  surface,  by 
Mr.  August  Barsack,  in 
Marquette  county,  in  the 
year  1901,  is  4"  long,  with 
bowl  and  stem-holes 
showing  evidence  of  hav- 
ing been  made  with  a 
stone  drill.  The  entire 
exterior  of  this  specimen 
shows  marks  of  rude 
sawing  with  flint  chips, 

FIG    122  and  finely   illustrat'es  the          Handed  Pipe. 

Handled   Pipe.  primitive  working  of  Cat-    W.  W.  Radley's  Coll. 

Author's  Coll.  linite. 

Fig.  123,  said  to  have  been  found  in  Ashland  county,  on  the 


FIG.  120. 

Handled  Pipe. 
Author's   Coll. 


FIG.  121. 
Handled  Pipe. 
Wyman  Coll. 


130    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  4,   Nos.  3  and  4 

shore  of  Lake  Superior,  is  made  of  black  slate  and  intended  to 
be  used  with  the  addition  of  a  short  stem.  Its  bowl  is  4"  long. 
and  contains  a  remarkable  representation  of  a  human  face. 
Near  the  end  of  the  handle  is  a  perforation  by  which  ornaments 
were  probably  attached. 

DISK    PIPES. 

This  is  a  most  interesting  class  of  pipes,  the  typical  examples 
having  a  circular  face,  widened  out,  in  some  cases,  to  extrava- 
gant proportions.  When  in  use  the  disk  faced  the  smoker,  which 
probably  accounts  for  its  often  having  a  finer  finish  than  does 
the  remainder  of  the  pipe,  and  for  its  being  often  ornamented 
with  engraved  figures.  In  Wisconsin  are  found  three  well- 
established  varieties  of  this  type. 

Mr.  McGuire  states:  "The  larger  cavity  being  in  a  line  par- 
allel to  the  face  of  the  disk  would  suggest  that  the  stetn  was 
intended  to  be  inserted  through  the  disk,  around  which  a  thong 
would  be  tied  to  hold  it  more  firmly  in  position,  the  depth  of 
the  disk  being  insufficient  to  hold  a  stem  unless  it  were  bound 
in  some  way"  (p.  487). 

In  a  large  number  of  Wisconsin  examples  of  disk  pipes  the 
stem-cavity,  which  is  usually  of  about  the  same  diameter  as 
that  of  the  bowl,  extends  from  the  disk  to  the  bowl  in  an  upward 
curve,  and  is  funnel-shaped,  smoothly  finished  and  usually  pol- 
ished for  a  considerable  distance.  The  angle  of  the  stem-hole, 
together  with  the  fact  o'f  its  being  polished  and  seldom  cir- 
cular in  form,  would  seem  to  indicate  that  it  was  not  made  for 
the  reception  of  a  detachable  stem  or  mouthpiece,  and  that  when 
in  use  the  pipe  was  held  to  the  lips,  the  tongue  of  the  smoker 
coming  in  contact  with  the  disk  or  interior  of  the  stem-hole.  With 
but  two  exceptions  pipes  of  this  class  found  in  Wisconsin,  coming 
under  the  author's  observation,  have  remarkably  thin  disks. 
But  a  few  of  those,  having  a  polished  but  circular  stem-hole, 
would  r'eceive  and  firmly  hold  a  mouth-piece. 

The  disk  pipe,  in  the  writer's  opinion,  is  an  old  type  and  was 
in  use  by  the  aborigines,  of  this  country,  long  before  the  coming 
of  the  whites.  Authorities,  however,  differ  as  to  this  conclusion. 
Gen.  Gates  P.  Thruston  suggests  that  the  stem-holes  of  the  disk 


•  Geo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin.  131 

pipe,  being-  funnel-shaped,  it  may  safely  be  regarded  as  an  old 
type  (A.  of  T.,  p.  20L). 

Mr.  J.  D.  MeGuire  writes:  "The  shape  is  so  suggestive  of 
the  jew's-harp,  an  instrument  used  extensively  in  trade  with 
the  Indians,  as  to  indicate  that  the  pipe  itself  is  modeled  after 
the  form  of  this  primitive  musical  instrument,  even  though  the 
file  marks,  so  common  on  many  of  the  pipes,  are  absent  from 
those  coming  under  the  writer's  observation"  (p.  488). 

A  careful  study  of  the  several  forms  of  this  type  convinces 
the  author  that  it  was  not  modeled  after  the  jew's-harp.  Of 
the  twenty-eight  examples  in  the  author's  collection,  when  ex- 
amined with  a  powerful  glass,  all  exhibited  innumerable  marks 
and  scratches,  that  could  have  been  made  by  the  use  of  a  piece 
of  sandstone  or  flake  of  flint.  In  no  case  were  file  marks  found. 

Mr.  MeGuire  states:  "Finding  them  of  catlinite  so  far  from 
the  quarries  would  indicate  that  they  are  of  no  great  age"  (p. 
488).  If  Mr.  MeGuire 's  conclusion  is  correct,  aboriginal  barter 
and  trade  could  not  have  been  carried  on  between  distant  tribes 
until  within  a  comparatively  recent  date,  an  abundance  of  evi- 
dence to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

A  number  of  catlinite  pipes  in  the  author's  collection,  among 
1hem  examples  of  the  disk  and  tube  types,  were  found  in  mounds 
in  which  there  was  no  evidence  of  intrusive  burials. 

Exotics,  such  as  sea-shells,  obsidian,  Mexican  opals,  and  ainazon 
stone,  are  frequently  found  with  the  original  interments  of  Wis- 
consin burial  mounds.  These  objects  were  obtained,  by  the 
aborigines,  from  the  sea  and  mountains  through  the  channels 
of  aboriginal  trade,  and  before  these  mounds  were,  built. 
While  it  is  not  contended  that  all  Wisconsin  mounds  are  old, 
there  is  little  evidence  that  many  of  them  were  erected  within 
historic  times.  The  accounts  of  early  explorers  make  no  men- 
tion, so  far  as  the  writer  has  been  able  to  learn,  of  seeing  the 
disk  pipe  in  use. 

Proof,  if  obtainable,  of  when  catlinite  was  first  quarried,  or 
picked  up  from  the  glacial  drift,  would  assist  in  determining 
the  possible  age  of  many  pipe  forms.  The  vast  amount  of  work 
done  at  the  Minnesota  pipe  stone  quarries,  and  the  fact  that  an 
Indian  would  not  excavate  more  material  than  he  could  con- 
veniently carry  away,  has  convinced  the  author  that  they  were 
worked  long  before  white  man's  coming.  That  the  sculptures 


132    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  4,   Nos.   3  and  4 

covering  the  quartzite  boulders,  at  these  quarries,  are  in  a  good 
state'  of  preservation,  is  an  argument  sometimes  advanced  to  pro've 
that  they  were  first  worked  within  a  comparatively  recent  date. 
But  faint  and  fine  glacial  scratches,  covering  the  same  rocks  con- 
taining the  pictures  are  equally  well  preserved.  Prof.  W.  II. 
Winchell,  in  writing  of  these  etchings,  states  that :  l  They  per- 
tain, at  least,  to  the  dynasty  of  the  present  Indian  tribes. 
These  figures  probably  represent  the  totems  or  work  of"  some 
one  tribe.  This  being  neutral  ground,  other  tribes  may  have 
worked  the  quarries  without  leaving  these  totems,  and  pipestone 
may  have  been  mined  there  long  before  the  picture  writing  was 
commenced. 

It  is  probable  that  these  pipes,  or  at  least  some  of  them,  were 
intended  for  ceremonial  purposes  and  not  for  common  use,  as 
their  disks  would  not  stand  rough  handling,  and  their  shape 
would  make  smoking  anything  but  a  pleasure.  Gen.  Thrust  on 
says: — "This  was  probably  the  fashionable  smoking  pipe  of  its 
day  in  certain  sections.  The  disk  was  doubtless  a  mere  con- 
ceit, used  as  an  orn amenta]  handle  by  the  Indian  dandier 
of  the  time1'  (A.  of  T.,  p.  200).  At  the  time  of  the  Dis- 
covery, the  pipe-stem  was  held  in  great  veneration  by  the 
Indians,  it  usually  receiving  a  large  amount  of  ornamentation 
regardless  of  what  the  pipe  itself  might  be.  Why  pipes  requir- 
ing the  expenditure  of  so  much  labor  in  their  manufacture 
should  have  been  made,  designed,  as  the  disk  type  was,  to  bo 
used  without  the  addition  of  a  mouthpiece,  is  certainly  puzzling, 
and  might  indicate  that  they  belonged  to  an  age  antedating  the 
venerated  stem  period. 

While  the  disk  pipe  is  widely  distributed,  it  is  comparatively 
rare.  Gen.  Thruston  mentions  two  from  Tennessee  and  one  from 
Kentucky.  Mr.  McGuire  refers  to  half  a  dozen  found  in  the 
counties  of  Boone,  Saline,  and  Chariton,  State  of  Missouri,  now 
in  the  Douglas  collection  at  the  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
New  York  City.  Dr.  David  Boyle  of  Toronto  describes  two 
of  these  pipes  found  in  the  Province  of  Ontario,  one  of  which 
was  made  of  eatlinite.  Several  are  reported  from  Illinois, 
Iowa,  Minnesota,  and  the  author  has  drawings  of  forty-six  found 
in  twenty-seven  different  counties  of  the  state  of  Wisconsin. 


Fin.  124. 
Handled  Disk  Pipe,  H.  P.  Hamilton's  Collection. 


134    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


HANDLED  DISK  PIPES. 

One  form  the  writer  has  seen  fit  to  designate  as  the  handled 
disk,  from  the  fact  that  the  elongation  of  the  bowl,  beyond  the 
disk,  produces  a  handle  by  which  the  pipe  was  probably  held 
when  in  use. 

Fig.  124,  found  at  Baldwin's  Mills,  Waupaca  county,  the 
largest  handled  disk  pipe  so  far  found  in  Wisconsin,  is  ci'  beau- 
tiful dark  red  catlinite  with  pink  flecks.  Its  bowl  is  5"  lung. 
terminating  in  a  handle  shaped  like  the  blade  of  a  hatchet,  wilb 
what  would  be  the  cutting  edge  ornamented  with  three  notches. 
The  disk  is  3J/£"  wide  and  so  thin  that  the  distance  through 
from  the  face  of  the  disk  to  the  outer  side  of  the  bowl  is  but 
34  of  an  inch.  The  stem-hole  has  the  characteristic  curve  and 
its  interior  is  nicely  polished.  Both  stem  and  bowl-holes  ap- 
pear to  have  been  started  with  a  stone  drill  and  enlarged  witii 
a  wooden  drill  used  in  conjunction  with  sand.  Under  a  glass 
this  specimen  shows  innumerable  scratches,  but  none  of  these 
appear  to  have  been  made  by  the  use  of  metal  tools.  The  same 
can  be  said  of  eleven  handled  disk  pipes  in  the  author's  collec- 
tion. 

Fig.  125,  found  by  Justin  Carpenter, 
town  of  Franklin,  Sauk  county,  in  1860, 
6"  below  the  surface,  in  clay,  on  newly 
broken  ground,  is  of  red  catlinite,  4Vi" 
long,  the  disk  nearly  3"  wide  and  ex- 
tended to  form  a  handle.  The  stem- 
hole  is  very  small  and  shallow,  and 
there  are  two  perforations  of  the 
handle  about  half  an  inch  above  the 
lower  end. 

The  Logan  collection  also  contains  a 
fine  example  of  handled  disk  pipe  3-V£>" 
long,  of  catlimte,  with  disk  21/-"  wide, 
across  the  face   of   which   is  .etched  the 
FIG.  125.  figure  of  a  headless  man. 

Handled  Disk  pipe.  Fig.  126,   found  in  a  mound  on  the 

Logan  coll.,  Beioit  College.    bank   of  Buffalo  lake>   Marquette  coun- 

ty,    is    of    catlinite,    its    bowl    4%"    wide,    base    ornamented 


Geo.  A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


125 


with  six  notches,  and  disk  1^/j/'  wide.  The  dis- 
tance from  the  face  of  the  disk  to  the  outer  side 
of  the  bowl  is  one  inch.  The  bowl  cavity  is  %" 
wide  at  its  mouth,  and  the 
stem-hole  is  half  an  inch 
across.  A  similar  specimen 
from  Waushara  county,  with 
the  emblem  of  lightning  on 
the  face  of  the  handle,  is  in 
the  collection  of  iv.  H.  Stone, 
Spring  Water,  Wis. 

Fig.  127,  found  in  a  mound 
near  Delavan,  Walworth 
county,  is  of  greenish  colored 
limestone,  the  color  probably 
due  to  copper  stains.  Its 
bowl  is  3"  high,  terminating 
in  a  point,  disk  one  inch  wide, 
stem-hole  %"  across,  and  the 
bowl -cavity  y%"  wide  at  its 
mouth.  This  specimen  is  ir- 

Handled  Disk  Pipe.  i         •         T  i   i          .M 

Author's  coii.       regular  in  shape  and  has  the 
appearance  of  great  age.   Mr. 

McGuire  (Fig.  109,  K,  of  N.  M.,  1897)  shows  a  similar  specimen 
from  Union  county,  Kentucky,  and  another 
(Fig.  UO,  same  Vol.),  from  W abash  county, 
111. 

Fig.  128  is  in  the  Wisconsin  Historical  Soci- 
ety's collection  at  Madison,  of  catlinite,  with 
handle  carved  to  represent  the  beak  of  a  bird, 
disk  semi-heart  shaped.  It  is  almost  a  dupli- 
cate of  one  in  the  author's  collection,  obtained 
by  Mr.  W.  II.  Elkey  of  Milwaukee,  from  Mr. 
Fred  Grewe,  who  found  it  in  the  township  of 
Brothertown,  Calumet  county,  in  1898.  The 
last  mentioned  example  is  of  dark  red  catlinite. 

Fig.  129  was  found  by  Mr.  A.  J.  Miller,  six 
feet  below  the  surface,  while  digging  a  cellar  at 
Barren,  Barron  county.     This  remarkable  pipe 
pipe   is  of  red  catlinite,  4%"  long,  the  disk  an  inch 


FIG.  126. 


FIG.  127. 

Handled  Disk  Pipe. 
Authors  Coll. 


136    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


shorter,  extending  to  the 
point  of  the  bowl,  and 
combining  with  it  in 
forming  a  handle,  u^ 
lower  part  of  which  has 
a  perforation  for  the  at- 
taching of  ornaments. 
Its  stem  and  bowl-cav- 
laes  tuc  each  nearly  an 
inch  in  diameter.  This 
interesting  specimen 
shows  no  evidence  of 
metal  tools  having  been 
used  in  its  manufacture. 
Fig.  130,  from  Wash- 
ington county,  is  of  stea- 
tite, 3"  long,  with  a  con- 


FIG. 130. 
Handled  Disk  Pipe. 

Logan  Coll., 
Beloit   College. 


FIG.  129. 

Handled  Disk  Pipe. 
Author'*  Coll. 


vex  disk  1;)4"  across  and  extended  down  the 
handle  in  the  form  of 
a   curtain.       Its   stem- 
hole  is  unusually  large 

and  no  marks  of  metal  tools  are  visible. 
Fig.     131,     from     Jefferson     county, 

found  by   Mr.  C.  J.  Lee,    is  of  catlinite, 

3y2"    long,   with   disk.  11/4"    wide,   orna- 
mented on  three  sides  of  its  face  by  four 

parallel  lines,  but  the  interesting  feature 

of  this  pipe  is  the  form  of  its  handle, 

which  is  carved  to1  represent  the  head  and 

neck  of  some  animal.    On  one  side  of  the 

handle   is  engraved  the  figure   of  a  deer 

and  on  the  opposite  that  of  some  other 

animal.       This    pipe     is     worn    smooth 

through  use. 


FIG.  131. 
Handled  Disk  Pipe. 

Logan  Coll., 
Beloit   College. 


HANDLELESS    DISK    PIPES. 


In  this  form  of  disk  pipe,  the  bowl  is  so  short  as  to  be  con- 
cealed from  the  smoker,  by  the  disk,  when  in  use.  A  deep 
groove  extending  part  way  around  between  the  top  and  bottom 
of  the  disk  arid  the  bowl,  suggests  that  a  loop  of  rawhide  or 


Geo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


13t 


other  suitable  material  was  attached  through  which  the  fore- 
finger of  the  smoker  could  be  slipped.  Frequently  the  lower 
part  of  the  bowl  has  a  hole  drilled  through  it,  by  means  of 
which  feathers  and  other  ornaments  were  probably  attached. 


FIG.  132. 
Handleless  Disk   Pipe,   Author's  Coll. 


Fig.  132  was  plowed  up  by  Hon.  H.  N.  R.  Stark,  at  Stark, 
Vernon  county,  in  1873,  and  obtained  by  Mr.  W.  IT.  Elkey  oi1 
Milwaukee,  is  the  largest  handleless  disk  pipe  as  yet  found  in 
Wisconsin.  This  specimen  is  of  red  catlinite  with  a  disk  3 ' 
wide,  across  the  face  of  which  is  etched  the  figure  of  a  man  and 
woman  in  Indian  costume.  Its  bowl  is  1%"  long,  with  a 
hole  drilled  through  its  lower  part,  and  between  each  end  of 
the  bowl  and  disk  are  to  be  found  the  characteristic  grooves:. 
The  stem  and.  bowl-cavities  are  each  %"  in  diameter. 

Fig.  133,  found  on  the  surface  near  West  Bend,  Washington 
county,  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Peters,  is  of  red  catlinite,  with  disk  2^/2' 
{•.cross,  having  an  extension  on  its  lower  side  %  an  inch  in 
length,  and  ornamented  with  six  indentations.  The  stem-cav- 


138    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


(G.  133. 
Handleless  Disk   Pipe,    Author's  Coll. 


ity  is  %."  across,  that  of  the 
bowl  1/2  an  inch  in  diameter  at 
its  mouth,  and  its  lowrer  end  is 
perforated.  Gen.  Gates  P. 
Thruston  (Fig-.  100,  A.  of  T.) 
illustrates  a  handle  pipe  from 
Kentucky  with  a  similarly 
shaped  disk. 

Fig.  134,  plowed  up  by  Mr. 
.Richard  M.  Flora,  in  the 
township  of  Polaska,  Iowa 
county,  in  1887,  is  of  a  beau- 
tiful, rich  red  catlinite,  with 
disk  21/£"  in  width,  of  the  same  shape  as  the  last  mentioned 
specimen,  and  ornamented  at  the  bottom  and  on  each  side  with 
lour  indentations.  The 
stem  and  bowl -cavities 
are  each  %  of  an  inch  in 
diameter. 

Fig.  135,  from  Dodge 
county,  is  of  red  catliu- 
ite,  disk  '2y2"  wide,  on 
the  face  of  which  is 
etched  the  figure  of  an 
Indian.  One  peculiarity 
of  the  specimen  is  a  deep 
groove  V/2''  lone1  on  the 
front  of  the  bowl,  which 
was  probably  inlaid  with  bone,  lead  or  shell.  A  very  similar 

specimen  in  the  author's  collection,  was 
found  in  La  Crosse  county.  An  ex- 
ample in  the  Logan  collection,  Beloit 
College,  has  a  rounded  bowl  with  marks 
near  its  lower  end,  representing  the 
eyes  of  some  animal. 

A  third  variety  of  disk  pipe,   hav'ng 
an  elongated  bowl    extending  consider- 
ably above  the  disk,  but  which  is  merely 
FIG.  135.  a  modification   of  the   handleless   form, 

Handleless  Disk  Pipe.  ,,  .,,     .      . 

H.  P.  Hamilton's  coil.         the   writer   will  designate  as   the  high- 


FIG.  134. 
Handleless  Disk  Pipe,,  Author's  Coll. 


Geo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


139 


bowled  disk.     From  the  unusual  length  of  the  bowl  in  this  style 
of  pipe,  one  might,  at  first  glance,  mistake  it  for  the  stem. 

Fig.  136,  found  at  Onalaska,  La  Crosse 
county,  collected  by  Frof.  A.  S.  Mitchell  of 
Milwaukee,  is  made  of  catliriite,  with  a  round 
bowl  3"  in  length,  disk  114" 
wide,  and  stem  and  bowl-cav- 
ities each  %  of  an  inch  in  di- 
ameter. Near  the  top  of  the 
bowl,  and  facing  the  smoker,  is 
a  small  hole  by  means  of  which 
ornaments  were  probably  at- 
tached. 

Fig.  137,  found  in  a  mound 
on  the  east  bank  of  Lake  Win- 
nebago,  Winiiebago  county,  by 
the  late  S.  S.  Itoby,  is  of  catlin- 
ite,  bowl  square  in  form,  2" 
high,  disk  an  inch  Avide,  and 
stem  and  bowl -holes  each  1/2  an 
inch  in  diameter.  A  similar 
specimen,  having  a  perforation  near  the  top  of  its  bowl,  was 
found  in  Crawford  county, — one  on  Dotys  island,  Winnebago 
county;  another,  badly  broken,  in  Sauk  county;  and  a  fine  large 
unpolished  example  from  Manitowoc  county,  collected  by  Mr. 
N.  H.  Terens;  are  all  in  the  author's  collection. 
Hon.  G.  E.  Metile,  Green  Bay,  owned  a  small 
pipe  of  the  high-bowl  variety,  from  Brown  coun- 
ty, recently  secured  by  the  author. 

A  fine  example  in  the  Logan  collection,  Beloit 
College,  plowed  up  by  Mr.  James  R.  Boord,  at 
Farmington,  "Washington  county,  in  1873,  is  of 
catlinite.     It   is  3"    long,    disk    2%"   in   width, 
slightly  concave,  with  eleven  deep  incisions  ir- 
regularly distributed  over  its  face,  and  a  very 
small  perforation  at  the  top  of  the  bowl. 
High-bowled  Disk.      Fig'-  ^38,  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  J.  P.  Schu- 
macher, of  Green  Bay,  was  found  with  a  gravel- 
pit  burial  at  Red  Banks,  Brown  county,  40  years  ago,  by  Thomas 
Scott,  and  is  probably  the  only  flat  top,  thick  disk  pipe  so  far 


FIG.  136. 

High-bowled 

Disk  Pipe. 

Authors  Coll. 


FIG.  137. 

High-bowled 

Disk  Pipe. 

Author's  Coll. 


140    WISCONSIN   AKCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,   No.-   3  and  4 


FIG.  139. 

Rare  Form,   Disk   Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


found  in  Wisconsin.  This  remarkable  specimen  is  made  from  a 
flinty  limestone  nodule.  The  bowl  is  3*4"  hig'n?  disk  2-1/i/'  wide, 
bowl-cavity  made  with  rotary  stone  drill ;  and  no  metal  tool 
marks  appear  on  its  surface.  The  softer  parts  of  the  stone  are 
considerably  disintegrated,  and  it  has  the  appearance  of  great 
age. 

Fig.  139  illustrates  an  interest- 
ing specimen  which,  in  the  year 
1886  was  brought  to  the  surface  by 
being  caught  between  the  hoofs  of 
a  cow  while  crossing  some  marshy 
ground  near  Cottage  Grove,  Dane 
county,  and  was  secured  by  a  boy 
who  sold  it  to  Dr.  C.  B.  Hall  of 
Madison.  It  is  of  blue  limestone, 
much  weathered,  with  disk-shaped 
bowl  2"  in  diameter,  very  thick, 

rounded  to  an  edge  and  highly  ornamented  with  lines  and  fig- 
ures; bowl-cavity  cone-shaped  and  made  with  a  stone  drill  point. 
The  stem  is  octagonal  in  shape,  Zy?'  long,  with  hole  1/2  an  inch 
across. 

HIGH-BOWLED   PIPES. 

This  class  includes  pipes  having  very  tall,  slim  bowls  with  no 
stem  projection,  intended  to  be  used  with  the  addition  of  a 
mouth-piece. 

Fig.  140,  collected  by  Mr. 

Louis  Jones,  near  Packwau- 

kee,  Marquette  county,  is  2" 

high,    of   red   catlinite,    and 

ornamented      with      incised 

lines  and  dots  encircling  the 

bowl.     The  part  of  the  bowl 

facing     away     from     the 

smoker    is    flattened    and 

shows    the    engraved    repre- 
sentation  of  a  fish. 

Fig.      141,      found     near 

Spring    lake,     Green     Lake 

county,   is   3"   high,   of   red 


FIG.  140. 

High-bowled  Pipe. 
Author's  Qoll. 


FIG.  141. 

High-bowled  Pipe. 
T.  W.  Hamilton's  Coll, 


(.-co.    A.    AVost:    The-   Aborigiinal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


141 


FIG  142. 

High-bowled  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


catlinite,  square  in  form,  and  has  walls  but  %  of  an 
inch  in  thickness.  Engraved  on  .one  side  is  the  emblem  of 
lightning.  'An  alate  projection  near  the  top  of  the  bowl  is  perfor- 
ated to  permit  of  the  attachment  of  ornaments.  Almost  a  dupli- 
cate of  the  last  described,  of  the  same  material,  2i/2"  high,  and 
with  the  alate  projection  also  perforated,  is  in  the  Logan  collec- 
tion at  Beloit  College. 

Fig.  142,  found  on  Lee's 
point,  township  of  Sumner, 
Jefferson  county,  by  Mr.  Geo. 
M.  IIous/  in  1897,  is  of  cal- 
careous limestone,  nearly  3" 
high,  and  smoothly  finished. 
It  shows  no  metal  tool  marks. 
Its  bowl -cavity  which  is  ex- 
tended through  the  base,  is 
%  of  an  inch  in  its  greatest 
diameter,  and  that  of  the 
stem  but  }/4  of  an  inch. 

Fig.  143.  found  on  the 
shore  of  Lake  Buttes  cles  FIG  143- 

-.orn       •          £        i  •*    High-bowled  Pipe. 
Morts     111    Jbyl,     IS     Ot     White      Author's  Coll. 

limestone,  nearly  3"  high  and 

with  a  bowl -cavity  half  an  inch  in  diameter.  This  specimen  is 
much  weathered,  and  has  the  appearance  of  great  age. 

POT-SHAPED   PIPES. 


The  name  of  this  type  of  pipe  is  suggested  by  its  shape,  which 
in  a  general  way  resembles  some  of  the  clay  pots  of  Indian  make. 
A  few  examples  have  been  found  in  Wiscon- 
sin,  and  one  from  Illinois  is  illustrated  by 
Dr.  W.  K.  Moorehead  (P.  I,  333). 

Fig.  144,  from  the  township  of  Oshkosh, 
Winriebago  county,  is  of  yellowish  steatite,  2 ' 
high.  IVi"'  in  diameter,  has  a  polished  sur- 
face, with  bowl  cavity  extended  through  its 
base.  The  perpendicular  basal  perforation 
FIG.  144.  may  have  been  accidental,  but  in  two  speci- 

H.  p^HS^ton'T  COIL  mens  examined  by  the  author  it  was  drilled 


142    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos    3  and  4 


FIG.  145. 

Pot-shaped  Pipe. 
Milw.  Museum. 


PIG.  146. 
Pot-shaped  Pipe. 


from  the  outside,  as  if  intended  for  the  reception  of  a  light, 
strong  handle.  A  similar  example,  from  Marquette  county,  but 
an  inch  high,  is  in  Mr.  S.  D.  Mitchell's  collection  at'Bipon. 

Fig.  145  is  from  Chil- 
ton,  Calumet  county,  of 
cat! mite,  with  a  llat  base 
without  the  perpendicular 
basal  perforation,  and 
with  no  projecting  lip  at 
the  top  of  the  bowl.  It 
1ms  an  encircling  flange 
just  above  the  stem-cav- 
ity, giving  the  bowl  an 
acorn-shaped  appearance. 

Fig.  146,  of  fine-grained  sandstone,  with  three  projecting  legs, 
is  illustrated  in  Lapham's  Antiquities  of 
Wisconsin,  and  marked  "Wisconsin.''  All 
pot-shaped  pipes  are  intended  to  be  used  with 
the  addition  of  a  detachable  stem.  In  many 
examples  the  mouth-piece  could  not  have 
been  held  firmly  in  place,  owing  to  the  shal- 
lowness  of  the  stem-hole  and  the  shape  of 
the  cavity,  without  the  lashing  on  of  the 
same. 

Fig.  147,  from  Barron  county,  is  of  catlin- 
FIG.  147.  ite,  I1//'  high  with  a  flat  base,  grooved  at  its 

Pot-shaped  Pipe.  .  .  T,  ,       .,,          ,,.  .  '  f.         v- 

H.  P.  Hamilton's  Coil.  middle  and  with  a  thin,  projecting  lip  orna- 
mented with  cross-incisions.     The  pot-shaped 
pipe  is  considered  as  of  no  great  age,  and  usually  shows  evidence 
of  metal  tools  having  been  used  in  its  manufacture. 


VASE-SHAPED   PIPES. 

These  are  a  finely  finished  stemless  type,  much  varied  as  to 
general  shape  and  ornamentation,  some  forms  having  the  grace- 
ful outlines  of  the  Greek  vase,  others  that  of  the  Roman,  and 
many  the  stiff,  straight  sides  of  the  common  flower  pot.  The 
vase-pipe  form,  which  name  can  be  applied  to  several  modifica- 
tions of  the  true  vase  shape,  is  common  throughout  the  New  Eng- 
iand  States,  St.  Lawrence  valley  and  the  Great  Lakes  region, 


Geo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


143 


FIG.  148. 

Vase-shaped  Pipe. 
F.  M.   Coil's  Coll. 


Fig.  148,  from  Waupaca,  is  of  a  dark  brown 
sandstone,  2!/2"  high,  with  stem-hole  half  an 
inch  in  diameter  at  the  surface,  and  decreas- 
ing to  a  quarter  of  an  inch,  where  it  intersects 
that   of   the   bowl.     The   shape   and   upward 
angle  of  the  stein-hole  precludes  the  possibil- 
ity of  a  mouth-piece  having  been  attached,  un- 
less bound  to  the  bowl  by  a  lashing  of  hide  or 
other  suitable  material.     This  pipe  shows  no 
metal  tool  marks  and  appears  to  be  old,       A 
similar  specimen  of  chlorite,  from  Green  Lake 
county,  is  in  the  author's  collection. 
Fig.  149,  from  Rock  county,  is  of  dark,  mottled 
steatite,  2"  high,  bowl-cavity  an  inch  across  at  the 
mouth,  and  a  cone-shaped  stem-hole  half  as  Avide 
at  the  outside,  but  less  than  a  quarter  of  an  inch 
in  diameter   where  it   intersects   the  bowl-cavity. 
Both  boAvl  and  stem-holes  Avere  made  or  enlarged 
by  means  of  rough  stone  tools. 

Fig.  150,  ploAved  up  in  Manitowoc  county,  is 
made  of  fossil  coral,  2"  high,  with  a,  stem-hole  an 
inch  wide,  at  the  outside,  and  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  across  .where    it   intersects   the  bowl-cavity, ^ 
thus  making  the  using  of  a  stern  impossible  with- 
out lashing.     The  drilling  was  doubtless  done  by 
means  of  stone  drills.     The  beautiful  coral  markings  of  the  out- 
side of  the  boAvl,  and  its  nat- 
ural shape,    made  the    grind- 
ing of  its  surface  undesirable 
and  unnecessary. 

Fig.  151,  found  by  Mr. 
John  Weber,  in  Killare, 
Juneau  county,  in  1895,  is  of 
a  pinkish  colored  stone,  and 
exhibits  on  its  two  opposite 
faces  etched  figures  of  some 
animal,  possibly  a  lizard. 
The  figure  is  after  a  sketch  FIG- 15L 


FIG.  150. 

Fossil  Coral 

Vas'e  Pipe. 

Author's  Coll. 


4         '  -I      -11      i»»      TTT  TT   T-m  Vase-shaped  Pipe 

furnishedbyMr.  ^  .  IT.  Elkey.  John  Weber,s  ColK 


144    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


FIG.  152. 


Krause,  at  Bi; 


FIG.  153. 

Vase-shaped 

Pipe. 


Fig.  152,  found  at  Indian  Ford,  at  the  foot  of 
Lake  Koshkonong,  Jefferson  county,  in  1887,  is 
1%"  high,  with  a  mer«  suggestion  of  a  shank  or 
stem,  and  exhibits  no  metal  tool  marks.  It  is  of 
dark  steatite,  with  cone-shaped  bowl-cavity  an. 
inch  across  at  its  top,  made  with  a  rotary  drill. 
A  similar  specimen,  of  limestone,  from  Portage 
county,  is  in  the  author's  collection,  and  one  of 
limestone,  from  Green  Lake  county,  is  in  Mr. 
S.  D.  Mitchell's  collection.  These  pipes  are 
vase-shaped  pipe,  closel}"  allied  to  the  vase-shaped  type,  and  have 
Author's  Coil  probably  been  evolved  from  it. 

Fig.  lf>3,  found  by  Mr.  Grant 
Suamico,  Brown  county,  is  of  dark 
red  catlinite,  and  very  small,  the  cut  being  the 
exact  size  of  the  pipe.     It  bears  a  high  polish  due 
to  use  and  age. 

Fig.   154,  from   Crawford  county,   is  of  dark, 
mottled  steatite,  2l/2"  high,  with  cone-shaped  bowl 
cavity.     Its  stem-hole  is  cup-shaped,  and  like  the 
first  three  vase-shaped  pipes  described,  reaches  the  bowl-cavity 
at  an  upward  angle  of  about  45  degrees. 

Fig.  155.  from  Rock  county,  is  of 
banded  slate,  a  material  but  little 
employed  by  the  aboriginal  pipe- 
makers  of  what  is  now  Wisconsin. 
It  is  21/2"  hiyh,  finely  polished  and 
possibly  of  'mite  recent  make. 

Fig.  156,  from  Dane  county,  is  o>f 
red   sandstone,  2j/If'  high,   with   the 
bowl    cavity    extended    through    its 
base,  and  ornamented  with  two  inci- 
sions which  cross  each  other  in  pass- 
ing around  the  bowl.     Two    similar 
specimens,    one    marked    "Calumet 
County"    and  the  other    ""Wiscon- 
sin,"   but    without    ornamentation, 
and  minus  the  basal  perforation,  are  in  the  Milwaukee  Museum. 
An  example  found  on  the  bank  of  Pewaukee  lake,  Waukesha 
county,  now  in  the  Logan  collection  at  Beloit  College,  is  of  cat- 
linite,' 1V2"  high,  with    a    basal    perforation    drilled    from   the 


FIG   154. 
Vase-shaped 

Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


FIG   155. 

Vase-shaped  Pipe 
Author's  Coll. 


Geo.  A. 


:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


145 


FIG.  156. 


outside,  of  lesser  diameter  than  that  of  the  bot- 
tom    of     the     bowl-cavity,     and 
plainly  intentional. 

Fig.  157,  from  Green  Lake 
county,  is  of  catlinite,  1V2"  high, 
with  the  bowl-cavity  extended 
through  the  base.  The  bowl  is 
ornamented  with  three  encircling 
equidistant  bands  or  ridges.  Near 
the  base  is  a  deep  groove,  from 


Author's  cou.e  which  there    extend   downward 


FIG.  157. 

Vase-shaped  Pipe. 
'*       Author's  Coll. 

notches,  by  means  of  which  a 
handle  might  be  securely  lashed  to  the  bowl,  or  a  stone  plug  held 
in  place.  The  portions  of  the  bowl  between  the  ridges  or  rings, 
still  show  some  dark  artificial  coloring.  Almost  a  duplicate  of 
the  last  described,  with  base  broken  away,  of  compact  grey  lime- 
stone, is  in  the  Logan  collection,  Beloit  College. 

Fig.  158,  from  Waushara  county,  is  of 
purplish,  catlinite,  rough  and  unfinished,  2'' 
high,  with  fine  ornamentation  around  the 
top  of  the  bowl,  and  extending  over  its 
sides.  An  interesting  pipe  of  this  type, 
Il/2  high,  of  soft  argillite,  of  purplish  color, 
found  in  the  right  hand  of  a  skeleton  in  a 
mound  in  Waukesha  county,  has  a  wide 
band  extending  diagonally  around  its  mid- 
dle ^See  Lapham's  Antiq.  of  Wis.,  p.  83). 

Fig.  15P,  from  Wirinebago  county,    is  an 
inch  high,    of  steatite,    with  an  ornamented 
band  around  its  top,  and 
extended   through    its   base. 


ihe  bowl-cavity 
An  example  similar  in  shape,  with  a  basal  per- 
foration, is  in  the  Logan  collection,  Beloit 
College.  It  is  of  catlinite,  an  inch  high,  a 
trifle  wider  at  the  top  of  the  bowl,  arid  orna- 
mented by  29  dots  which  encircle  the  center 
of  the  bowl  in  a  spiral  fashion. 

The  frequent  occurrence  of  this  perpendic- 
ular basal  perforation  in  vase-shaped  pipes, 
would  almost  preclude  the  likelihood  of 


FIG.  158. 

Vase-shaped  Pipe. 
F.  M.   B.  Coll  Coll. 


FIG.  159. 

Vase-shaped  Pipe 
S.   D.   Mitchell's  Coll. 


146    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


its  being  accidental.  One  specimen  examined  seems  to  have 
been  used  as  a  tube  pipe,  by  having  a  stem  inserted  into  the  ex- 
tended bowl  cavity  a  sufficient  distance  to  pass  the  regular 
stem-hole.  A  small  pipe  from  Jefferson  county,  in  the  collec- 
tion of  Horace  McElroy,  of  Janesville,  has  a  short  stem  at 
right  angles  to  the  bowl,  and  a  perforated  base, 
into  which  is  neatly  fitted  a  pebble  ground  to 
the  desired  size.  In  this  specimen  the  basal 
perforation  was  evidently  accidental.  A  simi- 
lar pipe  in  the  author's  collection  has  the  basal 
perforation  filled  with  lead. 

Fig.  160,  found  by  P.  E.  Brady,  Esq.,  in  1855, 
on  the  shore  of  Eagle  lake,  Racine  county,  is  of 
yellowish  sandstone  3"  high,  2"  in  its  greatest 
diameter,  ornamented  by  two  grooves  and  a 
band  crossed  by  zigzag  lines  encircling  the  bowl 
near  its  top.  Its  base  consists  of  eight  ter- 
races reaching  to  the  bottom  of  the  stem-hole. 
The  bowl -cavity  was  enlarged  by  means  of  the 
gouging  process,  and  the  specimen  is  consider- 
ably weathered. 


FIG  160. 
Vase-shaped  Pipe. 

Logian  Coll., 
Beloit  College. 


SQUARE-BOWLED  PIPES. 

Examples  of  this  type  are  found  in  Wisconsin  which  may  be 
graded  from  mere  roughly  shaped,  unfinished  cubes,  to  well- 
finished  and  finely  ornamented  pipes.  All  were  intended  to 
be  used  with  the  addition  of  a  detachable  stem. 

Fig.  161,  from  Green  Lake  county,  is  of 
catLinite,  2"  high,  l-Vs"  wide,  and  an  inch 
thick,  with  ornamental  lines,  and  the  Indian 
symbol  of  lightning  etched  on  two  sides  of 
the  bowl -cavity,  and  down  each  side  of  the 
stem-hole.  The  pipe  is  nicely  finished  and 
may  well  be  considered  a  rare  specimen. 

Fig.  162,  from  Rock  county,  of  granite,  in 
the  form  of  a  perfect  cube,  2"  square,  is  un- 
finished. The  cone-shaped  stem  and  bowl- 
holes  are  not  drilled  quite  deep  enough  to 

Square-bowled  Pipe. 

T,  W,  Hamilton's  Coll.  intersect  each  other, 


Geo.  A.  W!est:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


147 


FIG.  162. 

Square-bowled  Pipe. 
McElroy  Coll. 


FIG.  163. 


Fig.  163,  from  Green 
Lake  county,  of  fossil 
coral,  ground  into  shape, 
is  2"  high,  well  propor- 
tioned, with  cone-shaped 
bowl  and  stem-holes,  and 
shows  no  indication  of 
metal  tool  marks. 

Fig.  164,  from  Winne- 
bago  county,  is  of  catlin- 
ite,  1%"  high,  an  inch 

,   .  ,     ,    Square-bowled  Pipe. 

square,  and  is  ornamented       Author's  coil. 
with  many  parallel  lines  and  triangular  fig- 
ures, evidently  made  with  metal  tools.     A  plain,  unornamented 
example  of  this  type,   of  cat- 
linite,  in  the  author's  collec- 
tion, appears  to  be  of  greater 
age  than  the  last  described. 

Fig.  165,  an  unornamented, 
dark-colored  sandstone  pipe, 
worn  smooth  by  use,  found 
near  McFarland,  Dane  coun- 
ty, is  2"  high,  with  a  conical 
bowl  and  stem-holes.  It 
shows  no  file  marks  and  has 
the  appearance  of  great  age. 
Fig.  166,  from  Marquette 


Fia.  165. 

Square-bowled 

Pipe. 

Author's  Coll. 


FIG.  164. 

Square-bowled  Pipe. 
S.   D.  Mitdhell's  Coll. 

county,  apparently  very  old, 
is  of  dark  sandstone,  2y2"  high,  and  has  a  small  extension  of  the 
stem  or  shank,  possibly  for  ornamentation,  but 
more  likely  to  make  a  substantial  socket  for  the 
reception  of  a  mouth-piece.  A  plain,  square-bowled 
pipe,  with  a  slightly  extended  shank  and  flat  base, 
is  in  the  Milwaukee  Museum.  Two  of  catlinite, 
in  the  author's  collection,  have  more  extended 
shanks,  but  are  of  no  great  age,  as  they  exhibit 
marks  of  metal  tools. 

Fig.  167,  from  Waupaca  county  is  of  steatite, 
1%"  high  by  2"  long,  both  bowl  and  stem-holes 
being  conical,  and  %  and  half  an  inch  in  their 


squar£bowied 


148    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos    3  and  4 


FIG.  167. 

Square-bowled  Pipe. 
H.  P.  Hamilton's  Coll. 


FIG.  168. 

Square-bowled  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


greatest  di- 
ameter re- 
spectively. 
They  am 
gouged  out, 
and  no  metal 
tool  marks  are 
visible. 

Fig.  168, 
from  Wauke- 
sha  county,  of 
fossil-bark,  is 

2y2"  high  by  1%"  broad,  and  has  a  square,  gouged-out  bowl-hole, 
which  has  been  enlarged 
since  leaving  the  hands 
of  its  original  maker. 
On  each  side  the  beauti- 
ful markings  of  the  coral 
are  not  disturbed,  but 
the  ends  have  been  sawed 
or  ground  to  a  fiat  sur- 
face. 

Fig.  169,  from  Juneau 
county,  is  of  compact 
limestone,  octagonal  in 
shape,  2"  high,  rounded 

towards  the  top,  with  the  bowl-cavity  1*4"  in  diameter  at  its 
mouth,  and  evidently  enlarged  by  the  gouging  process.  This 
example  is  ornamented  by  dots,  and  deeply  cut  geometrical  lines, 
shows  much  use  and  exhibits  no  metal  tool 
marks. 

Fig.  1  TO,  from  Jefferson  county,  is  of 
banded  slate,  2"  high  and  l1/^"  wide,  with 
slightly  rounded  edges.  The  bowl  and 
stem-holes  seem  to  have  been  made  by 
means  of  a  stone  drill.  A  similar  one  of 
the  same  material  from  Fond  du  Lac  coun- 
FIG.  171.  ty.  in  the  author's  collection,  is  1%"  high, 

square-bowled  Pipe.       an  inch  wije?  3^  Of  an  inch  thick,  and  or- 
FiekT'Suseum.  namented  by  3  incised  lines  around  its  top. 


FIG.  169. 

Square-bowled  Pipe. 
Author's   Coll. 


FIG.  170. 

Square-bowled  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


Geo.  A.   W«st'    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


149 


Fig.  171,  a  peculiar  pipe  of  red  catlinite,  in  the  Wyman  collec- 
tion, Field  Columbian  Museum,  labeled  "Wisconsin,''  is  about 
half-an-inch  square,  with  a  rounded  base  and  concave  top. 


OVOID  PIPES. 

The  ovoid  pipes,  so  called  from  their  egg-shaped  bowls,  are  of 
quite  common  occurrence  in  Wisconsin.  The  bowl  is  usually 
ground  into  shape,  and  has  large  conical  stem  and  bowl-holes,  ap- 
parently made  by  means  of  stone  drills.  One  from  Ohio,  illus- 
trated by  Mr.  ,T.  D.  McGuire  (p.  485)  has  a  flattened  base, 
while  in  those  found  in  Wisconsin,  it  is  rounded.  Rev.  W.  M. 
Beauchamp  illustrates  one  of  grey  limestone  from  Onondaga, 
N.  Y.,  and  states  that  "The  form  is  rather  rare  in  New  York, 
and  may  be  called  a  southern  form." 

K'ig.  172,  from  Manitowoc  county,  of 
white  limestone,  is  of  almost  perfect  ovoid 
.form,  one  side  being  now  much  weath- 
ered. It  is  3 VI."  high,  234"  in  its  greatest 
diameter,  ornamented  by  two  encircling 
lines  of  dots,  and  has  a  conical  bowl-hole 
halt*  an  inch  in  its  greatest  diameter. 
This  is  the  largest  example  of  this  type  of 
pipe  known  to  the  writer.  A  fine  speci- 
men from  Oconto  county  is  in  the  collec- 
tion of  F.  J.  B.  Duchateau,  at  Green  Bay. 
Fig.  173  is  of  white  limestone,  2"  high, 
somewhat  weath- 
ered, and  was 

found  in  Southwestern  Wisconsin. 
What  is  almost  a  duplicate  of  this  pipe, 
from  Dane  county,  is  in  the  author's 
collection.  One  from  Adams  and  an- 
other from  Sank  county  are  in  the  F. 
M.  B.  Coll  collection.  An  example 
from  Marquette  county  is  in  Mr.  S.  D. 
Mitchell's  collection  at  Jiipon  •  a  fine 
specimen  from  Manitowoc  county,  and 
another  from  Outagamie  county,  are  in 
Mr.  H.  P.  Hamilton's  collection  at  Two  Wis>  Hist  Soc.  Coil. 


FIG   172. 

Ovoid  Pipe. 

Author's  Coll. 


150    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


Rivers.     In  the  author's  collection  are  examples  from  Jefferson, 

Shawano  and  Brown  counties,  respectively. 

Fig.  174,  found  on  the  shore  of 
Beaver  Dam  lake,  Dodge  county,  is  of 
riinty  limestone,  much,  weathered,  orna- 
mented by  four  deeply  cut  lines  extend- 
ing around  the  upper  half  of  the  bowl, 
the  lower  one  met  by  grooves  radiating 
from  the  bottom  of  the  pipe;  has  a  con- 
ical bowl  and  stem-holes  and  shows  no 
metal  tool  marks. 

A  specimen  in  Mr.  H.  P.  Hamilton's 
collection  has  a  groove 
around  its  bowl,    op- 
posite  the  middle    of 
the  stem-hole. 
Fig.  175  was  taken  from  a  mound  in  Neenah 

Park,  Winnebago  county,   in  1888,    by  Mr.  E. 

M.  Neff,  and  is  of  dark,  slaty  rock,  1%"  high, 

oval  in  form,  and  with  a  flat  surface  facing 

the  smoker.     Its  bowl  and  stem-hoi es  are  each 

lialf-an-inch    in    diameter,     cone-shaped,    and  FlG  175- 

T      T  ..,         T  T         .     ,     T    T    .,,  Modified  Ovoid  Pipe. 

worked  out  with  a  broad -pointed  drill.  Author's  con. 


FIG.  174. 

Ovoid.  Pipe. 

Author's  Coll. 


LENS-SHAPED  PIPES. 

This  type  is  rare  in  Wisconsin,  not  to  exceed  a  dozen  examples 
having  been  found.  Its  leading  characteristic  is  the  double  con- 
vex lens-shape.  At  first  glance  it  would 
seem  to  have  been  a  water-washed  peb- 
ble, converted  into  a  pipe  by  the  simple 
addition  of  bowl  and  stem-holes,  but 
such  is  not  the  case.  Of  eight  specimens 
examined,  each  has  been  worked  into 
shape  by  the  process  of  pecking  and 
.grinding,  and  none  showed  file  marks. 

Fig.  17(3,  from  Waukesha  county,  of 
dark  basaltic  rock,  ornamented  by  a  line 
of  dots  around  each  side,  is  nearly  3" 
high  by  lL/£"  thick  at  the  middle,  and 
with  a  cone-shaped  bowl-hole  one  inch  in 
diameter. 


PIG.  176. 

Lens-shaped  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


Geo.  A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


151 


FIG.  177. 

Lens-shaped  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


Fig.  177,  from  the  township  of  Muskego, 
Waukesha  county,  is  of  limestone,  finely  pol- 
ished, 3"  high,  lyo"  thick,  with  a  cone-shaped 
bowl-hole  %"  across,  and  an  unusual  notch 
opposite  the  stem-hole.  This  pipe  was  collected 
by  Dr.  Byron  0.  Nobles  of  Milwaukee,  who 
presented  it  to  the  writer. 
Fig.  178,  found  by  Mr. 
Thomas  McLean,  in  Ju- 
neau  county,  is  of  llinty 
limestone,  21/1>"  high,  1%" 
thick,  and  with  a  cone- 
shaped  bowl-hole  1/2  an 

inch  across.    A  perfect  example,  of  limestone, 

is  in  the  collection  of  the  Wisconsin  Historical 

Society.     One  of  sandstone,  owned  by  Mr.  J. 

P.  Schumacher  was  found  in  Brown  county  FIQ  17g 

and  another  in  Mr.  II.  P.  Hamilton's  collec-   Lens-shaped  Pipe. 

tion,  is  from  Outagamie  county.  Author's  coil. 

KEEL-SHAPED    PIPES. 

This  type  of  pipe  derives  its  name  from  the  presence  of  a  thin 
keel  or  wing-shaped  projection,  extending  from  the  top  to  the 
bottom  of  that  part  of  the  bowl  furthest  from  the  smoker.  This  is 
a  rare  form,  not  to  exceed  two  dozen  examples  having  been 
found  in  Wisconsin,  and  bub  few,  if  any,  are  mentioned  by  au- 
thorities, from  other  states.  A  study  of  this  and  the  succeeding 
type  have  convinced  the  writer  that  they  do  not  exhibit  the  marks 
of  metal  tools,  and  are  not  of  recent  make. 
Fig.  179  was  taken  from  a  mound  in 
Brown  county,  (upon  which  was  growing  a 
pine  tree  3  feet  in  diameter)  by  Dr.  J.  A. 
Rice,  in  1870,  together  with  several  skeletons 
and  a  few  rudely  chipped  arrow  points. 
This  pipe  is  very  old,  much  weathered,  and 
of  blue  limestone.  Part  of  its  surface  is 
scaled  off,  but  some  ornamentation  with 
dots  and  lines  remains  near  the  lower  part 
FIG  179.  of  the  bowl.  It  is  2y2"  high,  1%"  across, 

KAutSho?sdco?iiPe'       and  an  inch  thick.       The  bowl  and  stem- 


152    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


holes  are  %"  and  !/2 "  across,  respectively,  each  cone-shaped,  and 
made  with  stone  drills. 

Fig.  180,  found  by  Mr.  Richard  Rawson, 
in  the  township  of  Evansville,  Rock  county, 
in  1867,  is  of  compact  limestone,  orna- 
mented by  lines  of  dots,  and  the  edge  of  the 
bowl  by  numerous  notches,  which  have 
nearly  disappeared  through  long  hand- 
ling. The  pipe  is  3"  high,  2"  wide  and  IVi" 
thick,  with  a.  cone-shaped  bowl-hole  %  of  an 
inch  in  diameter,  at  its  top.  It  has  the 
appearance  of  great  age. 

Fig  181.  found  near  Star  lake,  Vilas 
county,  secured 
by  Mr.  W.  II. 
Ellsworth  of  Mil- 
waukee from  a  lady  residing  in  Cali- 
fornia, who  obtained  it  from  the 
finder,  is  of  Lake  Superior  brown- 
stone.  It  is  much  weathered,  but  still 
shows  symbols  of  lightning  cut  into 
one  side,  and  several  parallel  horizon- 
tal lines,  emblems  of  rain,  on  the  other. 
It  is  2VL>"  high,  an  inch  thick,  with 
bowl  and  stem- 
hole  gouged 
out,  and  each 
about  i/2  an  ii 


PIG.  180. 

Keel-shaped  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


FIG.  181. 

Keel-shaped  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


diameter.  This  rare 
specimen  has  every  indication  of  grea,t 
age,  and  exhibits  no  evidence  of  metal 
tools  having  been  used  in  its  manufac- 
ture. In  the  author's  collection  is  an  ex- 
ample made  of  limestone,  found  near 
Berlin,  Wis.,  which  contains  slight  evi- 
dences of  similar  etchings. 

Fig.  182,    found  on  the  Halter  village 
site,  Racine  county,  is  of  white  quartz, 
2%"  high,  with  the  bowl-cavity  half  an 
inch   in   diameter,   and   evidently   made 
with  a  tubular  drill  point.     A  very  similar  example  in  the  au- 


FIG.  182. 

Keel-shaped  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


Geo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


153 


thor's  collection,  found  near  Berlin,  Green  Lake  county,  is  of 
compact  white  limestone. 

An  interesting  specimen,  from  Jeii'erson  county,  in  Mr.  D.  E. 
Robert's  collection  is  of  drab  limestone,  and  has  a  groove  en- 
circling the  bowl  opposite  the  center  of  the  stem-hole.  A  fine 
example,  from  Waupaca  county,  in  the  Logan  collection,  Beioit 
College,  is  of  compact  limestone,  2*£"  high,  unornamented  and 
apparently  of  great  age. 

Fig.  183  taken  from  a  mound  near  New 
London,  by  Mr.  James  Hutchinson  in  1889,  is 
a  remarkable  pipe  of  white 
limestone,  much  weathered, 
21/2"  high,  1$4"  across,  and 
with  a  cone-shaped  bowl- 
hole  half-ari-inch  in  diam- 
eter, with  stem-hole  a  tritie 
smaller,  and  a  pronounced 
perpendicular  keel  in  front 
of  the  bowl,  ornamented 
with  scallops  and  dots. 


FIG. 

Keel-shaped  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


FIG.  184. 

Keel-shaped  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


Fig.  184,  plowed  up  in  Green  Lake  county,  in  the  year  1866, 
is  of  dark  compact  sandstone,  2(/o"  high,  with  a  conical  bowl- 
cavity  %  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  stem-hole  nearly  as  large, 
each  evidently  made  by  the  use  of  the  stone  drill.  Its  bowl  is  orna- 
mented with  a  deep  encircling  groove  near 
its  top,  and  an  artistically  scalloped  keel  on 
its  front.  The  wing-shaped  projection  ap- 
pears to  be  but  an  improvement  on  the  older 
examples  of  this  type. 

Fig.  185,  plowed  up  by 
Mr.     John     Peters,     near 
Oshkosh,  "Winnebago  coun- 
ty  in   1875,    is   of   bluish 
limestone,   with   an   unor- 
namented    keel     running 
clear    around    under    the 
bowl,    and    a    perforation 
through  its  base,  from  which  ornaments  were 
probably  suspended.     It    is    2^"  high,    1%" 


FIG.  185. 

Keel-shaped  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


FIG.  186. 

Keel-shaped  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


154    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 

wide,  %  of  an  inch  thick,  with  a  cone-shaped  bowl  and  stem- 
holes,  and  was  doubtless  drilled  with  stone  implements. 

Fig.  186,  found  by  Mr.  Joe  Thompson  in  Pepin  county,  in 
the  year  1875,  is  of  compact  drab  sandstone,  with  a  plain  keel 
2"  high,  174''  wide  and  an  inch  thick,  having  an  irregular 
cone-shaped  bowl-hole  %  °i  an  inch  across,  and  evidently 
gouged  out  with  a  stone  tool. 

DOUBLE    CONOIDAL   PIPES. 

In  this  remarkable  type  the  bowl  and  stem-holes  are  cone- 
shaped,  at  right  angles  to  each  other,  and  meeting  at  their  apices 
where  the  two  cavities  intersect,  it  being  often  difficult  to  de- 
termine which  was  intended  for  the  stem-hole  and  which  the 
bowl-cavity.  This  form  of  pipe  is  found  from  Arkansas. on  the 
west  to  the  Atlantic  ocean  on  the  east,  and  from  the  Gulf 
States  on  the  south  to  the  Canadian  border  on  the  north  and 
reaching  into  lower  Canada.  It  is  made  of  clay,  limestone, 
pottery,  and  sandstone,  the  material  being  as  varied  as  that  of 
any  other  known  type.  Those  of  pottery  are  often  tempered 
with  shell  or  other  suitable  material,  to  prevent  cracking  in  fir- 
ing. 

As  to  the  age  of  double  conoidal  pipes,  Mr.  McGuire  states 
that:  "It  must  further  be  admitted  that  in  the  whole  number 
of  pipes  of  this  type  in  the  collection  of  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum,  there  is  not  a  single  specimen  which  has  upon  it,  so  far 
as  the  writer  could  observe,  a  mark  indicative  of  the  use  of  other 
than  the  stone  tool  of  the  primitive  Indian,  though  many  of 
this  type  are  of  quite  elaborate  design"  (p.  528). 

In  the  same  paper  Mr.  McGuire  illustrates  a  double  conoidal 
pipe  of  pottery,  from  Southern  Missouri,  containing  six  crosses 
of  Greek  type,  surrounding  the  bowl.  Although  as  a  rule  ar- 
cheologists  agree  as  to  the  pre-Columbian  occurrence  of  the 
cross,  "several  crosses  together  raise  a  strong  suspicion  of 
white  man's  influence."  This  pipe  may  have  been  made  after 
the  early  advent  of  the  Spanish,  and  yet  be  very  old.  Of  the 
examples  of  this  type  found  in  Wisconsin,  none  contain  the  least 
evidence  of  European  influence,  either  in  shape,  ornamentation 
or  workmanship,  and  it  is  fair  to  assume  that  this  is  one  of  the 
oldest  pipe  forms. 


Geo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


155 


FIG.  187. 

Double  Conoidal  Pipe. 
Mil.  Pub.  Museum  Coll. 


Fig'.  187,  from  Dodge  county,  is 
of  grey  sandstone,  about  2%"  in 
exterior  diameter,  stem  and  bowl- 
cavities  each  being  cone-shaped,  1V2 
in  diameter  at  the  surface,  and  at 
right  angles  to  each  other,  intersect- 
ing at  the  apices  of  the  inverted 
cones,  where  the  opening  between 
the  bowl  and  stem  is  less  than  Vi  of 
an  inch  wide.  This  specimen  shows 
no  evidence  of  any  tool,  but  a  peck- 
ing instrument,  having  been  used  in 
its  manufacture,  and  it  was  evidently 
either  pecked  or  hammered  into 
shape,  no  effort  being  made  to  smooth 
the  surface.  A  similar  specimen  from 
McNairy  county,  Tennessee,  and  an- 
other from  Ohio  are  illustrated  by 
Mr.  McGuire  (p.  528-529). 

Fig.  188,  from  Manitowoc  county, 
is  of  reddish  sandstone,  274"  high, 
nearly  3"  wide,  and  2'v  thick,  bowl- 
hole  I1/*/'  across  at  its  mouth,  stem- 
hole  an  inch  in  diameter  at  its  out- 
side. Both  are  cone-shaped,  gouged 
out,  and  exhibit  no  evidence  of  metal 
tools  having  been  used  in  their  manu- 
facture. 

Fig.  189,  a  very  attractive  example,  from  Brown  county,  is 

of  dark  sandstone,  nearly  4 
long,  2Vi>"  high,  3"  wide  and 
oval  in  shape  with  a  flat  base. 
Its  stem  and  bowl-cavities  are 
each  fully  an  inch  in  diameter 
at  the  surface,  and  are  placed 
at  right  angles  to  each  other. 
This  pipe  was  evidently  pecked 
into  shape,  both  bowl  and  stem- 

FIG.   189.  ,      ,         ,     .  -i       i        ,1 

Double  conoidai  Pipe.  holes   "Sing  ™ade  by  the  same 

J.   P.   Schumacher's  Coll, 


FIG.  188. 

Double  Conoidal  Pipe. 
II.  P.  Hamilton's  Coll. 


156    WISCONSIN   ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


process.  Three  equi-distant,  parallel,  incised  lines,  the  signifi- 
cance of  which  is  difficult  to  ascertain,  pass  around  the  center 
of  the  bowl,  dropping  down  at  a  graceful  angle  to  pass  the  stein- 
cavity. 

Fig.  190,  from  a  mound  in  Outagamie 
county,  is  of  hard,  flinty  limestone,  %" 
high,  an  inch  long,  stem  and  bowl-cav- 
ities each  being  cone-shaped,  exceeding- 
half  an  inch  in  diameter  at  the  surface, 
with  a  like  depth,  and  at  nearly  right 
angles  to  each  other,  and  intersecting  at 
the  apices  of  the  inverted  cones,  where 
the  opening  between  the  bowl  and  stem 
is  less  than  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  di- 
ameter. 'This  specimen  shows  no  work 

on  either  the  interior  or  exterior,  except  such  as  was  obtained 
by  the  pecking  process,  and  with  no  attempt  at  smoothing  the 
exterior  by  grinding.  An  example  in  E.  C.  Perkins'  collection, 
a  duplicate  of  the  last  described,  is  of  catlinite.  One  of  the 
same  shape  and  size  from  White  Cloud,  Mich.,  is  in  Mr.  II.  F. 
Hamilton's  collection.  A  large  pot-shaped  double  conoidal  pipe, 
Taken  from  a  mound  in  Jr  Daviess  county,  Illinois,  is  in  the  au- 
thor's cabinet. 

Double  conoidal  pipes  rectangular  in  shape,  from  Louisiana, 
Missouri,  Georgia,  Virginia,  Tennessee  and  Arkansas,  respec- 
tively, are  illustrated  and  described  by  McGuire  (p.  530-533). 


FIG.  190. 

Double  Conoidal  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


PEBBLE  PIPES. 

A  large  number  of  the  rudest  pipe  forms  imaginable  have 
been  found  in  Wisconsin,  some  of  which  show  no  work  by  human 
hands,  save  the  punching  or  drilling  of  a  stem-hole  through  the 
wall  of  an  eroded  stone.  They  are  most  primitive  in  form,  the 
drill  holes  were  made  with  solid-pointed  drills,  and  in  no  case 
has  anything  been  associated  with  them  to  indicate  recent 
use.  This  however,  is  not  conclusive,  as  Mr.  J.  D.  McGuire 
'p.  27)  refers  to  a  specimen  which  was  found  in  Haldeman's 
shell-heap,  near  Bainbridge,  Lancaster  county,  Pennsylvania, 
associated  with  two  trat\e  pipes  of  English  make,  as  indicating 
that  this  type  of  pipe  was  in  use  until  quite  recently. 


Geo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


157 


FIG.  191. 

Rough  Pebble  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


Fig.  191,  from  Holy  Hill, 
Washing-ton  county,  is  made 
of  a  limestone  concretion,  l1/^" 
high,  and  shows  no  work  ex- 
cept that  the  stem-hole  had 
'  been  punched  out  from  the  in- 
side of  the  bowl,  and  slightly 
rounded.  A  similar  example 
in  the  author's  collection,  was 
found  in  the  same  locality. 

Fig.  192,  from  township'  of 
Polaski,  Iron  county,  is  made 
of    a  limestone    concretion,    or 
more  properly  a  badly  weath- 
ered geode,  \\/±    high,  and  shows  no 
work  except  of  a  drilled  stem-hole 
slightly  conical  in  shape. 

Fig.  193,  from  the  bank  of  Lake 
Koshkonong,  Jefferson  county,  of  a 
rough,  flinty  rock,  2%"  high,  shows 
no  work  except  that  the  stem-hole 
was  made  with  a  stone  drill,  and  a 
few  projecting  corners  chipped  off. 
An  example  of  about  the  same  size 
and  fully  as  rude,  made  of  a  jasper 
concretion,  (now  in  the  author's 
collection,)  was  found  in  Hock 
county.  Similar  pipes  from 
the  states  of  Maryland,  Flor- 
ida and  Michigan  are  in  the 
author's  cabinet.  The  speci- 
men from  Maryland  has  a  nat- 
ural cavity,  serving  the  pur- 
pose of  a  bowl,  and  extending 
clear  through  the  stone,  the 
lower  part  of  which,  when 
found,  was  filled  with  burnt 

clay,    which     crumbled    when  Rougifpebbie  Pipe, 

disturbed.  Author's  Coii: 


PIG.  192. 

Rough  Pebble  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


158    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST. 


Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


FIG.  194. 

Rough  Pebble  Pipe. 
Author's  Coll. 


FIG.  195. 

Pebble  Pipe. 

Milwaukee  Pub. 

Museum  Coll. 


A  number  of  Wisconsin  specimens  have  finely  finished 
bowl  and  stem-holes,  with  a  rough,  natural,  unworked  exterior. 
These  are  not  unfinished  pipes,  but  are  made  from  pebbles  the 
shape  of  which  happened  to  suit  the  fancy  of  the  savage  smoker. 

Fig.  194,  from  the 
bank  of  the  Milwau- 
kee river,  Silver 
Springs,  Milwaukee 
county,  is  a  smooth 
water- washed  sand- 
stone pebble,  3"  long, 
with  a  gouged-out 
bowl  and  stem-hole. 

Fig.  195,  of  a  white,  chalky  rock,  2"  high  with 
conical  bowl  and  stem- hole,  shows  no  work  on  its 
exterior  except  the  grinding  down  of  the  top  of 
the  bowl.  This  pipe  belonged  to  the  Perkins 
collection,  and  is  marked  '''Wisconsin."  Illus- 
trations in  the  author  ?s  sketch  book  show  pipes  of  this  type  from 
the  counties  of  Outagamie,  Rock,  Green  Lake,  Dane,  Door,  Sha- 
wano,  Marquette,  Menomonee,  Jefferson,  Calumet,  Sauk  and 
Winnebago. 

TUBE  PIPES. 

The  straight  stone  tube  is  considered  by  our  best  authorities 
to  be  the  most  primitive  form  of  pipe.  It  is  the  only  type  of 
aboriginal  pipe  that  is  distributed  over  our  entire  continent. 
The  skill  of  the  savage  in  drilling  these  objects,  without  the  use 
of  metal  tools,  excites  wonder  and  admiration.  They  vary  in 
length  from  1'  to  13'',  and  are  either  circular,  elliptical,  or 
square  in  section.  Some  have  a  straight  hole  of  uniform  diam- 
eter. In  the  greater  number  it  is  enlarged  at  one  or  both  ends, 
by  a  process  of  scraping  or  gouging.  Dr.  Wilson,  in  referring 
to  the  drilling  of  tubes,  considers  it :  i  A  fine  art,  because  of 
the  dexterity  required  to  drill  accurately  and  continuously  a 
large  hole  through  so  small  a  cylinder  for  such  a  distance  with- 
out break  or  change  of  direction"  (Smithsonian  Rep.  1896,  p. 
446). 

Much  has  been  written  as  to  the  probable  use  of  these  tubes 
by  the  aborigines,  and  the  weight  of  evidence  seems  to  warrant 


Geo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


the  conclusion  that  most  of  them  were  used  as  pipes,  and  others 
as  medicine  tubes.  Very  short,  elliptical  tubes  were  probably 
worn  as  beads,  and  another  form,  with  a  bore  of  uniform  diam- 
eter may  have  been  used  in  sizing  and  finishing  arrow-shafts. 

Many  tubes  were  doubtless  used  with  the  addition  of  a  mouth- 
piece. "The  California  Indians  drilled  their  tubes  from  both 
ends  and  enlarged  the  hole  from  one  end  by  scraping,  the  mouth- 
piece being  made  of  a  bird  bone  stuck  on  with  asphaltum 
(Schumacher,  p.  268). 

Mr.  Gerhard  Fowke  in  reviewing  the  history  of  the  tube, 
wrote:  "Sehoolcraft  observed  that  the  Dakota  Indians  used 
a  horn  tube  in  bleeding,  one  end  was  set  over  the  cut,  and  the 
other  vigorously  sucked."  Powers  says  the  Klamath  Indians 
used  tubes  for  smoking,  while  Mr.  II.  II.  Bancroft  reported  that 
the  Acaxees  of  Mexico  employ  * '  blowing  through  a  hollow  tube ' ' 
for  the  cure  of  disease,  and  also  that  the  Indians  of  Southern 
California  inhale  the  smoke  of  certain  herbs  through  a  tube  to 
produce  intoxication.  According  to  C.  C.  Jones,  the  Florida 
and  Virginia  Indians  used  reeds  in  treating  diseases  by  suck- 
ing or  blowing  through  them,  and  also  in  cauterizing.  He 
observes  that  the  Indians  of  Lower  California  employed  sim- 
ilar processes,  using  stone  tubes  instead  of  reeds.  Hoffman 
illustrates  the  removal  of  disease  through  the  agency  of  a  tube 
of  bone  by  a  JES'SAKID,  or  Ojibwa  medicine  man.  Reed 
calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  old  Spanish  writers  described 
"a,  forked  wooden  tube,  the  prongs  being  inserted  in  the  nos- 
trils, while  the  other  end  was  held  over  smoldering  herbs/'  and 
suggests  that  the  Indians  may  have  used  stone  tubes  in  the  same 
way  (13th  Eth.  R.,  p.  127). 

CONOID  AT;  TUBE  PIPES. 

The  form  of  tube  pipe  herein  first  submitted  for  the  student's 
consideration  is  one  complete  within  itself,  conoidal  in  its  long- 
est diameter,  having  usually  a  large  bowl  gradually  decreasing 
in  size  towards  the  stem-hole,  a.nd  making  the  addition  of  a 
mouth-piece  unnecessary. 

Fig.  196.  This  fine  specimen  was  found  bv  Mr.  William  Jay 
Howard,  near  Stiles,  Oconto  county,  in  1862,  and  has  been  in 
8 


160    WISCONSIN  ARCHAEOLOGIST 


Vol.  4,  Nos    3  and  4 


the    collection    of    Mrs.    E.  House    for    40    years.     It    is    51/o" 
long,  of  drab  steatite,  polished  by  use  and  ornamented  by  sev- 


FiG.  196. 
Conoidal  Tube  Pipe,  Mrs'.  E.  House's  Coll. 

eral  deep  cut  lines  passing  over  the  bowl  and  crossing  each 
other  at  right  angles.  The  bowl  cavity  is  cone-shaped  and  en- 
larged by  the  gouging  process. 


FIG.  197. 
Conoidal  Tube  Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 

Fig.  197,  found  in  Mr.  Harry  Campbell's  garden,  Omro, 
Winnebago  county,  is  of  dark,  slaty  rock,  elliptical  in  section, 
41/2/'  long,  2"  wide  at  one  end  and  tapering  to  an  inch  at  the 
other.  This  pipe  seems  to  have  been  shaped  with  the  use  of  a 
stone  hammer.  Its  surface  shows  much  wear.  The  cone-shaped 
cavity  is  an  inch  in  diameter  at  one  end,  and  less  than  half  an 
inch  at  the  other.  The  bore  shows  no  rotary  drill  marks,  but 
is  very  irregular  in  shape,  having  been  gouged  out  with  a  nar- 
row tool,  apparently  of  stone,  working  from  each  end  and  re- 
sulting in  the  cavity  being  the  largest  at  about  the  middle  of 
the  tube, 


Geo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


161 


FIG.  198. 

Conoidal  Tube  Pipe. 
Authors  Coll. 


Fig.  198,  f ram  Buffalo  county,  is 
of  fine  grained  sandstone,  circular 
in  section,  about  1%"  l°ng>  ail  inch 
in  diameter  at  the  large  end,  and 
tapering  to  almost  a  point.  Here 
the  cavity  or  stem-hole  is  but  an 
eighth  of  an  inch  across.  The  ex- 
terior is  rough,  having  been  pecked 
into  shape.  The  bowi  cavity  was 
probably  drilled  its  entire  length  by  means  of  a  solid  .drill  point, 
the  larger  end  being  subsequently  enlarged  by  means  of  scraping 
or  gouging  with  a  narrow  tool,  apparently  of  stone. 

Fig.    J99,   from   Brown   county,   is  of 
drab  steatite,  2J/->"  long,  square  in  form, 
and  ornamented  on  all  edges    by  slight 
indentations,  after  the  style  of  treatment 
of  the    Pueblo  tube.     Its    sides  are    in- 
cised with  parallel    lines  crossing    each 
other.     Its    appearance    indicates    long 
use,  and  great  age. 
Marquette 
Mr.     Ben 


PIG.  199. 

Conoidal  Tube  Pipe. 
J.   P.   Schumacher's  Coll. 


Fig.     200,     from 
county,     found     b> 
Chapman  of  Moundviiie,  on  the 
Royce   Farm   village   site,   near 
Packwaukee,  in  1890,  is  of  drab 
steatite,    2"  long    and  trumpet- 
shaped.     Tubes  of  thin  type  are 
of    extremely    rare    occurrence, 
and  appear  to  be  a  step,  hi  the 
evolution  of  the  tube,  in  the  direction  of  the  rectangular  pipe. 


FIG.  200. 
Conoidal  Tube  Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  PLATE  XII. 

A.,  in  the  author's  collection,  is  almost  on  exact  duplicate 
of  Fig.  197,  with  which  it  was  found.  These  can  well  be  re- 
garded as  two  of  the  most  rare  and  interesting  tubes,  both  as 
to  shape  and  age,  as  yet  found  in  Wisconsin.  A  duplicate  of 
this  specimen  is  in  the  Logan  collection,  Bemit  college.,  col- 
lected by  the  late  F.  S.  Perkins,  in  Wisconsin. 

B.,  in  the  author's  collection,  from  Washington  county,  is 
of  steatite,  2%"  long,  pecked  out,  worn  by  use  almost  to  a 


162    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 

polish,  one  end  tapering  to  a  point  and  having  a  cone-shaped 
bowl  cavity,  with  a  very  small  opening  at  the  stem. 

C.,  in  the  author's  collection,  was  taken  from  a  mound  in 
Brown  county,  upon  which  was  growing  a  pine  tree  three  feet 
in  diameter,  the  pipe  being  found  directly  under  the  base  of 
the  tree.  This  unusual  form  of  tube,  which  much  resembles 
the  modern  cigar-holder,  is  of  red  catlinite,  with  a  rough,  un- 
polished surface,  square  in  shape,  tapering  to  a  mouthpiece, 
with  a  rid^e  or  keel-shaped  projection  extending  from  the  large 
end  part  way  down  the  tube.  This  specimen  is  2%"  long, 
with  a  cone-shaped  cavity  half-an-inch  in  its  largest  diameter, 
and  tapering  to  a  minute  opening  at  the  smaller  end.  This 
example  is  one  of  many,  indicating  the  early  use  of  catlinite 
lor  pipe-making. 

D.,  from  Waukesha  county,  collected  by  Dr.  I.  A.  Lapham, 
was  destroyed  in  the  Science  Hall  fire  at  Madison,  Wis.  This 
specimen,  of  which  the  material  is  not  given,  was  cigar-shaped, 
with  a  flange  a,bout  the  bowl,  and  a  keel-shaped  projection  on 
its  side  with  six  perforations. 

E.,  from  Rock  county,  in  Mr.  Horace  McElroy's  collection, 
is  of  granite,  4%"  long,  unfinished,  the  tube  being  simply 
pecked  out  in  the  rough,  and  the  cavity,  started  from  the  larger 
end,  and  reaching  but  part  way  through  the  pipe.  This  is  an 
interesting  specimen  as  it  illustrates  the  fact  that  many  stone 
pipes  were  at  first  merely  roughed  out,  then  drilled,  and  lastly, 
the  outside  worked  down  to  the  desired  degree,  thus  lessening  the 
danger  of  breaking  the  specimen  in  drilling. 

F.,  from  Outagamie  county,  in  Mr.  F.  M.  Benedict's  collec- 
tion, is  4%"  long,  of  brown  sandstone,  and  has  a  cone-shaped 
cavity.  It  exhibits  indications  of  great  age. 

Another  interesting  form  of  conoidal  tube  pipe  has  a  bowl- 
cavity  of  such  size  at  the  smaller  end  as  to  require  the  addition 
of  a  stem  of  wood,  bone,  or  possibly  of  stone.  These  mouth-pieces 
served  the  purpose  of  preventing  the  tobacco,  or  other  material 
from  entering  into  the  smoker's  mouth.  It  is  claimed  that  this 
type  of  tube  pipe  was  sometimes  used  without  the  addition  of 
a  mouth-piece,  and  with  the  insertion,  into  the  stem  end,  of  a 
ball  of  clay  or  stone,  perforated  to  permit  escape  of  the  smoke, 
but  this  manner  of  using  the  tube  must  have  been  out  of  the 
ordinary. 


PLATE   XII. 

Conodial  Tube  Pipes. 


PLATE    XIII. 
Conodial  Tube  Pipes. 


FIG.  201. 
Conoidnl  Tube  Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 


164    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  4.   Nos.  3  and  4 

Fig.  201,  found  by  A.  Hudson,  at  Gibson,  in  Manitowoc 
county,  is  of  dark  red  catlinite,  5"  long,  iy2"  in  its  greatest 
diameter,  the  sides  somewhat  flattened,  and  tapering  to  half 
an  inch  in  thickness  at  the  stem  end.  The  interior  cavity  is 
cone-shaped,  but  very  irregular,  having  been  enlarged  by  the 
gouging  process.  The  bowl  end  is  ornamented  by  deep  notches, 
while  upon  each  of  the  flattened  sides  of  the  tube  has  been  cut 
the  image  of  a  bird.  This  specimen  shows  much  wear,  but  no 
evidence  of  the  use  of  metal  tools  in  its  manufacture. 


FIG  .202. 
Conoidal  Tube  Pipe,  Author's  Coll. 

Fig.  202,  from  Sheboygari  county,  found  by  Herman  Kruske, 
at  Adell,  collected  by  Mr.  W.  II.  Elkey,  is  of  red  catlinite, 
;'>V2"  long,  I'/i"  a^  i^s  greatest  diameter,  the  exterior  cir- 
cular, with  somewhat  flattened  sides  about  the  middle.  The 
cavity  of  this  pipe  is  about  an  inch  in  diameter  at  the  mouth 
of  the  bowl,  half  an  inch  at  the  stem  opening,  and  was  drilled 
its  entire  length  by  means  of  a  solid  drill;  the  bowl  and  stem 
end  being  subsequently  enlarged  by  scraping  and  gouging.  This 
specimen  shows  no  marks  of  metal  tools.  The  Logan  collection, 
contains  a  tube  found  at  Wayne,  Washington  county,  31/-" 
long,  of  unpolished  catlinite,  ornamented  around  the  bowl  end 
by  deeply  cut  cross  lines.' 

DESCRIPTION    OF   PLATE   XIII. 

A.,  a  fine  example  in  the  author's  collection  from  Sheboy- 
gan  county,  is  of  catlinite,  5"  long,  \\»"  in  its  greatest  diam- 
eter, the  bowl-cavity  made  with  a  rotary  drill,  the  ends  en- 
larged, the  mouth  of  the  cavity  %  of  an  inch  across,  and  the 
stem-hole  about  half  as  wide  at  the  surface.  This  tube  is  well 


Geo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


rounded,   unpolished,   shows  hammer   marks  in   profusion,   but 
none  made  by  metal  tools. 

B.,  in  the  author's  collection,  from  Washington  county,  is 
of  Huronian  slate,  circular  in  section,  6"  long,  IVi"  in  its 
largest  diameter  and  tapering  to  %  of  an  inch  at  the  smaller 
end.  The  interior  cavity  made  with  tubular  drill,  started 
from  each  end,  (as  is  the  case  with  most  tubes),  the  marks  of 
the  drill  being  quite  apparent.  Its  bowl-cavity  is  an  inch  in 
diameter  at  the  large  end,  and  %"  at  the  smaller  one,  the 
walls  of  the  pipe  hardly  exceeding  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in 
thickness.  This  latter  would  appear  to  show  wonderful  skill 
in  the  drilling,  but  the  tube  was  probably  of  greater  diameter 
when  drilled,  and  was  afterwards  worked  down  to  the  present 
thinness.  This  pipe  contains  no  perceptible  metal  tool  marks, 
find  was  doubtless  used  with  the  addition  of  a  mouth-piece. 

In  Mr.  H.  P.  Hamilton's  collection  is  a  broken  example,  of 
black  slate,  from  Wimiebago  county,  much  resembling  the  last 
described. 

C.,  in  the  author's  collection,  from  Washington  county,  is  of 
banded  Huronian  slate,  5"  long,  1*4"  in  its  greatest  diam- 
eter, tapering  to  %  of  an  inch  at  its  smaller  end;  interior  cav- 
ity, %"  at  the  stem  end,  and  made  with  rotary  drill. 

D.,  in  Mr.  R.  Hamel's  collection,  from  Green  Lake  county,  is 
circular  in  section,  5y4"  long,  1%"  in  diameter  at  the  middle 
tapering  slightly  towards  each  end.  This  specimen  is  made 
of  granite,  with  the  stem-hole  about  half-an-inch  in  diameter 
throughout  its  entire  length. 

E.,  in  the  author's  collection,  from  Waukesha  county,  is  of 
hematite,  rudely  pecked  into  shape.  This  pipe  is  circular  in 
form,  3"  long,  li/,"  in  diameter  at  the  bowl  end,  and  an  inch 
across  at  the  stem  end.  The  bowl-cavity  averages  about  half 
an  inch  in  diameter,  one  end  having  been  enlarged  by  the  goug- 
ing process. 

F.,  in  the  author's  collection,  from  Jefferson  county,  is  of 
grey  steatite,  5"  long,  an  inch  in  diameter  at  the  larger  end, 
and  gradually  tapering  to  %  of  an  inch  at  the  opposite  end. 
The  bowl-cavity  is  %  of  an  inch  across  at  the  surface,  1/2  °f  an 
inch  at  the  stein-hole,  and  drilled  from  each  end.  Where  the 
cone-shaped  drill-holes  intersect,  the  cavity  is  about  an  eighth 
of  an  inch  in  diameter. 


166    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 


HOUR-GLASS     TUBES. 

This  form  is  rare  in  Wisconsin,  but  quite  frequently  found 
south  of  the  Ohio  river,  where  specimens  sometimes  attain  the 
length  of  18".  While  this  form  resembles  the  hour-glass  in 
shape,  it  does  not  follow  that  it  was  copied  after  that  well-known 
old  "time-marker,"  or  that  it  in  any  way  shows  the  influence  ol 
the  whites. 

As  to  their  use,  Mr.  J.  I).  McGuire  remarks:  ''These  tubes 
have  been  supposed  to  have  served,  among  other  purposes,  as 
astronomical  instruments,  a  suggestion  hardly  deserving  serious 
consideration.  This  type,  the  writer  thinks,  were  employed  as 
pipes,  a  belief  in  which  many  now  concur"  (p.  398). 


FIG.  203. 
Hour-glass  Tube,   Author's   Coll. 

Fig.  203,  in  the  author's  collection,  from  Columbia  county, 
is  of  steatite,  4^/2,"  long,  with  a  greatest  diameter  of  l1/^', 
and  a  plain  band  encircling  its  middle.  The  interior  cavity  of 
this  tube  is  in  form  of  a  double  cone,  an  inch  in  diameter  at 
its  openings,  and  tapering  to  less  than  ]/4  of  an  inch  where  the 
two  cones  intersect.  The  bore  was  made  with  a  solid  rotary 
drill  point.  This  tube  is  not  well  rounded  or  finely  finished. 

ARROW-SHAFT   FINISHERS. 

This  interesting  form  of  tube  will  be  considered  here  as  it 
may  have  served  the  double  purpose  of  pipe  and  mechanical  tool. 
Its  interior  cavity,  which  was  invariably  drilled  from  one  end, 
is  the  same  size  throughout.  The  hole  is  of  the  usual  diam- 
eter of  an  arrow-shaft  and  generally  very  smooth.  Some  ex- 
amples have  a  well  worn  surface  groove.  These  characteristics 


Geo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin.  167 

seem  to  suggest  that  it  might  have  been  intended  for  the  pur- 
pose of  straightening,  rounding  and  polishing  of  arrow-shafts. 

That  they  were  sometimes  used  as  pipes  is  indicated  by  evi- 
dences of  the  walls  of  the  cavity  having  been  subjected  to  heat. 
The  insertion  of  a  perforated  plug  of  wood  into  one  end  of  the 
tube  would  readily  convert  it  into  a  pipe. 


FIG.  204. 
Arrow-shaft  Finisher,   Author's  Coll. 

Fig.  204,  collected  by  Mr.  W.  II.  Ellsworth  of  Milwaukee, 
from  Eacine  county,  is  of  banded  slate  31/2"  long,  l^"  wide, 
elliptical  in  section,  and  with  a1  groove  running  lengthwise 
of  its  surface.  The  bore  is  half-aii-inch  in  diameter  through- 
out its  entire  length.  The  exterior  of  this  tube  is  rounded  down 
toward  its  ends,  thus  enabling  the  hand  to  grasp  and  firmly 
hold  it  at  the  middle.  Its  interior  cavity  is  worn  smooth. 


DESCRIPTION    OF   PLATE   XJV. 

A.,  in  the  author  ?s  collection,  from  Cedarburg,  Ozaukee 
county,  is  practically  of  the  same  dimensions  as  the  last  de- 
scribed, being  minus  the  surface  groove,  but  instead,  having 
one  flat  side,  much  worn.  Its  interior  cavity  is  half-an-iiich 
in  diameter,  and  very  smooth  from  use. 

B.,  in  the  author's  collection,  from  Green  county,  is  of  slate, 
4"  long,  the  cavity  half-an-inch  in  diameter,  and  drilled  from 
one  end,  as  all  this  type  of  tubes  appear  to  have  been.  This 
specimen  is  interesting  in  being  unfinished,  its  exterior  simply 
roughed  out,  and  the  cavity  drilled  just  far  enough  to  break 
out  at  the  end  opposite  the  starting  point. 

C.,  in  Mr.  Horace  McElroy's  collection,  from  Southern  Wis- 
consin, is  of  banded  slate,  31/4"  long,  2y2"  wide  at  the  middle, 
elliptical  in  section,  tapering  toward  the  ends,  and  with  all  the 


168    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 

usual  characteristics  of  this  type  of  tube.     A  fine  example  is 
in  C.  T.  Olen's  collection  at  Oshkosh. 

D.,  is  in  the  Wisconsin  Historical  Society's  collection. 

PECULIAR    TUBES. 

In  the  author's  collection  of  tubes,  found  outside  the  borders 
of  the  state  of  Wisconsin,  are  a  few  deserving  of  special  mention. 

DESOKiPTlON  OF  PLATE  XV. 

A.,  from  Va-n  Buren  count}7.  Michigan,  is  of  talcose  slate,  6" 
long,  1%"  in  its  greatest  diameter,  the  bowl  square  in  form  with 
rounded  corners  for  2y2  inches,  then  suddenly  becoming  cylin- 
drical and  tapering  to  almost  a  point.  Its  bore  is  cone-shaped 
l1/^"  across  at  the  large  end  and  ]/s  °^  an  inch  at  the  stem-hole. 
The  interior  cavity  was  made  with  a  rotary  drill,  the  bowl  open- 
ing enlarged  by  gouging  and  scraping. 

B.,  from  Rainy  Lake  country,  Minnesota,  is  of  red  sandstone, 
with  a  rough  exterior,  4"  long,  and  1  1/3"  in  its  greatest 
diameter.  This  specimen  is  peculiar  in  having  a  deep  groove 
encircling  it  near  the  large  end,  with  a  short,  horizontal  notch 
on  each  side  extending  from  the  circular  groove  to  the  large 
end  of  the  tube.  Its  cavity  is  half-an-inch  in  diameter  at  one 
end,  and  slightly  tapering  towards  the  other.  The  exterior 
shows  hammer  marks,  and  has  an  appearance  of  great  age. 

C.,  a  very  interesting  specimen  from  Scott  county,  Iowa,  is  of 
compact  sandstone  SV-T  long,  I1/-/'  in  its  greatest  diameter, 
with  a  cone-shaped  interior  cavities  made  with  a  stone  drill. 
Its  peculiar  shape  might  indicate  a  step  in  the  evolution  of  the 
straight  tube  toward  the  rectangular  pipe. 

D.,  from  North  Carolina,  is  of  steatite,  3%"  long,  2l/2"  square, 
at  the  large  end,  with  a  cone-shaped  bowl  cavity,  1%"  in  its 
greatest  diameter,  and  capable  of  holding  a  handful  of  tobacco. 

E.,  from  South  Dakota,  is  of  a  water-washed  granite  pebble, 
'}"  long,  with  well  worn  interior  cavity  half-an-inch  in  diam- 
eter, and  straight  through  its  center.  This  specimen  shows 
great  skill  in  drilling,  as  the  walls  in  places  are  scarcely  %  of 
an  inch  in  thickness,  the  exterior  not  having  been  worked  in  the 
least. 


D 


PLATE   XIV. 
Arrow-shaft  Finishers. 


6 

PLATE    XV. 
Peculiar  Tube  Pipes. 


Geo.   A.   West:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  cf  Wisconsin.    ,  169 

F.,  snuffing  tubes  from  ruins  at  head  of  the  Segovia  River, 
Nicaragua,  3'  long,  composed  of  two  hollow  bones,  probably 
from  the  wings  of  a  bird,  bound  together,  when  found,  by  a 
black  gum  and  wound  with  some  sort  of  a  fibre.  These  forked 
tubes  were  probably  used  for  snuffing  the  fumes  of  some  nar- 
cotic. One,  in  a  solid  piece  with  two  branches,  found  at  Tia- 
huanaco,  Bolivia,  now  in  the  University  of  Philadelphia,  is  il- 
lustrated by  Mr.  J.  D.  MeGuire  (p.  365). 

In  the  use  of  this  instrument,  Oviedo  (Historia  de  las  Indias 
Occidentals,  Salamanca  1535)  says:  "These  forked  sticks  are 
inserted  into  the  nostrils  and  the  other  end  applied  to  the  burn- 
ing leaves  of  the  herb. ' ' 

Mr.  Jos.  Fume,  in  his  paper  "A  Paper  of  Tobacco,"  printed 
in  London  in  1839,  describes  the  use  of  these  instruments. 

G.,  is  of  bamboo,  collected  in  New  Caledonia,  South  Seas. 
This  tube  is  28''  long,  2"  in  diameter,  and  highly  ornamented 
with  marks  and  figures  burned  in.  The  bowl-hole  is  at  one 
end  and  the  stem-hole  on  the  side  near  the  opposite  end.  In 
smoking  this  pipe,  a  wad  of  green  grass  is  placed  in  the  tube 
to  prevent  the  escape  of  the  tobacco  into  the  smoker's  mouth; 
the  tobacco  is  next  worked  in  through  the  small  bowl  opening, 
fire  applied,  and  the  tube  drawn  full  of  smoke.  A  finger  is 
placed  over  the  stem -hole  as  it  is  passed  from  one  to  the  other 
of  the  natives,  each  filling  his  lungs  with  one  long  inhalation 
from  the  tube.  A  second  bamboo  specimen  in  the  author's  col- 
lection from  New  Guinea  is  24!/l/'  long  and  much  more  highly 
ornamented. 

The  Cliff  Dwellers  made  and  used  pipes  long  before  the  Dis- 
covery. As  to  their  present  use,  James  Stevenson  writes:  "The 
hollow  tube  pipes  are  not  in  use  at  the  present  time,  (in  the 
Pueblos)  but  are  frequently  found  around  the  ruins  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  Indians"  (2nd.  Kept.  Bu.  of  Ethno.,  p.  378). 

DESCRIPTION  v)P  PLATE   A VI. 

This  plate  represents  pipes  of  different  shapes,  found  in  the 
ruins  of  the  Pueblo  Taos,  near  St.  Johns,  Arizona,  destroyed  by 
the  Spaniards  about  2M)  years  ago. 

A.  Steatite,  2y2"  long,  to  be  used  with  a  mouth-piece.  B. 
Dark  pottery,  finely  etched,  3"  long.  C.  Yellow  pottery,  2'' 


170    WISCONSIN  ARCHEOLOGIST.  Vol.  4,  Nos.  3  and  4 

long.  D.  Black  pottery,  9"  long,  highly  ornamented,  having 
received  an  enameling  which  seems  to  have  been  polished,  after 
firing,  by  rubbing.  The  bowl  opening  is  %  of  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter. The  stem  is  one-third  as  large.  E.  Dark  lava  rock,  2" 
iong,  with  the  bowl-cavity  half-an-iiich  in  diameter  throughout 
its  length.  F.  Black  glazed  pottery,  8^/2"  long,  ornamented  by 
numerous  indentations,  G.  Yellow  sandstone,  4"  long  and  2V 
in  its  greatest  diameter.  Bowl-cavity  cone-shaped,  IVsj"  wide 
at  mouth,  and  half-an-inch  at  stem  end.  H.  Yellow  pottery, 
conical  in  shape,  2"  long.  I.  Black  pottery,  glazed,  3"  long, 
same  shape  and  ornamentation  as  Fig.  E. 

CALIFORNIA  TUBE  PIPES. 

Much  like  the  Pueblo  pipes  are  the  well-known  tubes  of  Cali- 
fornia. Mr.  Otis  Mason  states  that:  "The  stone  stem  pipes 
(of  California  tube  form)  are  taken  from  the  old  graves  and 
this  kind  are  no  longer  in  user?  v  Smithsonian  Rep.,  1885,  pt.  1, 
p.  219). 

Mr.  Paul  Schumacher  writes  that  the  Klamath  Indians  of 
California  still  use  a  tube  pipe  of  steatite,  and  that  it  has 
amused  him  'to  see  them  bending  back  their  heads  to  bring  the 
pipe  in  a  vertical  position,  so  as  not  to  lose  any  tobacco" 
(Wheeler's  Survey,  vol.  VII,  p.  133,  quoted  by  Thruston,  p. 
194). 

The  oldest  California  tube  pipes  were  doubtless  made  of 
steatite,  talcose  slate,  limestone  or  serpentine,  used  with  the 
addition  of  a  mouthpiece  fastened  to  the  bowl  by  means  of 
asphaltum.  Later  forms  have  a  short  stone  bowl  with  an  at- 
tached wooden  stem  of  considerable  length.  Some  very  old  ap- 
pearing pipes  of  wood  have  been  found,  which  are  not  usually 
credited  with  great  age. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  PLATE  XVII. 

1st.  Of  serpentine,  1"  long.  2nd.  Of  limestone,  with 
mouth-piece  of  bone  cemented  to  the  bowl  with  asphaltum.  3rd. 
Of  steatite,  pipe  bowl  with  a  shallow  cavity  attached  to  a  stem 
of  wood,  making  a  total  length  of  6."  4th.  Of  steatite,  tube 


PLATE  XVI. 
Cliff  Dwellers  Tube  Pipes. 


PLATE    XVII. 
California  Tube  Pipes. 


Geo.   A.   W«»t:    The  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin. 


171 


5"  long,  with  conical  bow]  cavity.  5th.  An  example  with  a 
stone  bowl  and  wooden  stern,  and  with  old  leather  case  for  carry- 
ing. 

NOTE:  Since  the  writing  of  this  paper  the  collection  of  Mr.  J.  G. 
Pickett  has,  through  the  munificence  of  Mrs.  Leander  Choate,  passed 
into  the  possession  of  the  Oshkosh  Public  Library.  Thus  another  fine 
cabinet  has  been  saved  to  Wisconsin  students. 


Idol  Pipe. 
(Full  size.) 

J.  P.  Schumacher's  Coll. 

Recently  found  near  Sturgeon  Bay,  Door  county. 

It  Is  of  dark  serpentine,  finely  polished  and  is  a  rare  specimen.    Reported  to 
the  author  after  this  paper  was  in  print. 


isconsin  Arcneological  Society. 

Organized  June  12,  1899.         Incorporated  March  23,  19O3. 

WHAT  IT  IS  DOING  FOR  THE  PUBLIC 

Awakening  an  interest  in  the  historical  and  educational  importance  of 
Wisconsin  antiquities. 

Securing  the  preservation  of  Wisconsin  mounds.  Protecting  others 
from  vandalism. 

Conducting  surveys  and  researches  in  all  parts  of  the  state. 

Establishing  a  bureau  of  record  where  manuscripts,  notes,  photographs, 
sketches,  diagrams,  maps  and  other  matter  relating  to  the  early 
aboriginal  occupation  of  the  state  is  preserved. 

Encouraging  the  establishment  of  collections  of  local  aboriginal  arti- 
facts in  the  educational  institutions  of  the  state. 

Providing  for  the  free  distribution  of  its  publications  to  these  institu- 
tions. 

Establishing  a  travelling  library  of  archaeological  and  historical  liter- 
ature. 

Holding  public  meetings  and  lectures. 

Discouraging  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  fraudulent  antiquities. 

Advocating  the  establishment  of  a  chair  of  American  .archeology  at 
Wisconsin  University,  and  courses  in  archeology  at  other  state 
colleges. 

WHAT  IT  IS  DOING  FOR  ITS  MEMBERS 

Gives  admission  to  its  sessions,  lectures  and  exhibitions. 

Permits  participation  in  its  field  meetings. 

Gives  instructions  in  field  work. 

Issues  the  Wisconsin  Archeologist. 

Circulates  other  literature  among  those  actively  interested. 

Encourages  intelligent  collecting. 

WHAT  IT  NEEDS 

Additional  members  in  all  parts  of  the  state. 

Funds  and  increased  subscriptions  to  carry  on  its  work. 

Active  and  intelligent  workers  everywhere. 

PUBLICATIONS 

Four  volumes  of  the  Wisconsin  Archeologist  have  been  issued.  Vol- 
ume 1  is  out  of  print.  The  others  may  be  purchased  of  the  Secre- 
tary, CHARLES  E.  BROWN.  Price  $1.00  per  volume.  Sample  or 
single  numbers  25  cents  each. 


